Vietnam veterans still fight memories
Education has prevented other vets from facing similar public mistreatment
By ALLEN MOODY of the East Oregonian
It was a war they weren’t trained to fight, against an enemy they couldn’t understand. A war that was fought over the division of a one country and ended up dividing another in the process.
It was a war fought not only in the jungles but also in the arena of public opinion, where the United States was ill-prepared to put up much resistance.
It was a war where returning soldiers did not return as conquering heroes but instead were treated with contempt and disdain.
It was a war that ended more than 25 years ago, yet even today many who served in it do not want to speak about their experiences, instead wishing they could purge the memories from their mind.
It was a war that took the lives of more than 58,000 Americans and saw more than 300,000 U.S. servicemen wounded, half of them seriously.
The Vietnam War was different than any other conflict the U.S. had previously found itself engaged in and not only changed those who fought, it changed the attitude of a nation.
Setting the stage
During World War II Vietnam, which had been under French control for 60 years, was invaded by Japan, who occupied French Indochina. Seeing the war as an opportunity to break free of French rule, the League for the Independence of Vietnam, or Viet Minh, was established in December 1940, with Ho Chi Minh the principal leader.
The United States demanded Japan withdraw from Indochina and entered an alliance with the Viet Minh, even making Ho Chi Minh a special government agent.
Following Japan’s surrender in 1945, Minh declared the independence of Vietnam, calling it the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
France, however, refused to recognize Vietnam’s independence and re-entered the country, driving the Viet Minh to the northern part of the country.
Minh wrote numerous letters to President Harry Truman asking him to accept Vietnam’s independence, which ultimately he would not because Minh was a communist and government policy at that time was driven by fear of the domino theory — that if one country fell under communist rule, others would follow suit.
“The Vietnamese asked us for assistance and we should have granted it, but did not,” said Steve Mason, president of the Vietnam Veteran’s Association Oregon State Chapter. “We were the ones who went back on our word.”
In 1954 the French and Vietnamese signed the Geneva Accords, calling for France’s withdraw, but the United States, out of fear of a communist regime, would not recognize the agreement, instead creating the fighting force of the non-communist faction of the country — the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) in 1955.
The same year the United States picked Ngo Dinh Diem to head the non-communist movement, a man who was so corrupt and repressive that he eventually caused thousands to embrace the communist regime.
What began with a small number of military advisers to the ARVN — there were 800 in January 1961 rose to 27,000 by the middle of 1964. Yet it quickly became obvious the ARVN were no match for the Northern Vietnamese and by the end of 1965 there were 80,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam - a number that swelled to 543,000 by 1969.
U.S. opposition to the war
Opposition to the war began almost immediately in 1965, primarily on college campuses, and continued to increase steadily as the war dragged on. The draft was quickly criticized as being racist and, with student deferments, designed to keep the children of upper, and middle- class citizens from having to serve.
“The war was perceived as what it was — the sons of poor men fighting the other sons of poor men,” Mason said.
As casualties mounted, opposition to the war increased, reaching new heights with the 1969 revelation of the My Lai Massacre, the killing of 500 unarmed civilians, mostly women and children, by elements of the Army’s Americal Division.
The release of the Pentagon Papers in 1971 was responsible for another decline in support of the war, although by that time it was the number of veterans protesting the conflict that played a critical role in the anti-war sentiment.
Vietnam Veterans Against the War was formed in the United States in 1967 and those who had served were soon speaking at anti-war rallies throughout the nation.
Eventually, President Nixon had to accept what the polls were reporting — 70 percent of the American wanted an immediate end to the war and on March 29, 1973, the last U.S. troops left Vietnam.
“At that time it was obvious the war was wrong,” said Brian Wizard of Wallowa, a helicopter gunner during the war. “The Vietnamese were known to be as corrupt as anybody. Too many died, too many were wounded and too many were freaked-out for all the wrong reasons.”
A rude awakening
Perhaps the harshest blow received by many Vietnam veterans was their return home. There were no ticker-tape parades or heroes’ welcome: as those who fought in previous wars received. Instead, the returning soldiers were frowned upon and expected to justify their actions by a large portion of the population that had grown agitated over U.S. involvement.
No single factor can pinpoint the dramatic turn in the perception of the return soldier. It was a complex combination of items, nearly all of them out of the soldier’s control.
“One of the things is they came home alone,” said Chuck Coate, a history professor at Eastern Oregon University in La Grande. “I remember picking up my brother at the Walla Walla Airport. He was a single soldier. ... we celebrated his survival.”
Coate said the plight of the Vietnam veteran who returned home was a direct contrast to the triumphant return of 200,000 Union soldiers as they paraded down Washington, D.C., following the Civil War.
“They didn’t deserve the treatment they got,” Elmer Edvalson, a World War II veteran from Milton-Freewater said. “They did the best they could.”
Mason said the perception of losing the war also played a role in determining the sentiment reached by many in the public.
“It was a highly sophisticated military power unable to defeat an unsophisticated enemy,” he said. “We didn’t understand the nature of the enemy — his work ethic and cooperation. We fought on their ground and with their weapon of choice. They fought not to lose.”
Bob Zaklan, who served in the Navy during World War II, said the treatment of the Vietnam veteran after their return home was in part due to the country’s change of attitude.
“Since World War II the country’s attitude has changed,” the Pendleton resident said. “It hasn’t practiced patriotism or respect.”
A change of opinion
Like many Vietnam veterans, Milton-Freewater’s Jim Morris appears slightly uncomfortable speaking about the war. His appearance at a Veteran’s Day parade is not only for himself but to pay tribute to a childhood best friend who was killed in Vietnam.
Yet, he said to see community support shown towards the Vietnam veteran is meaningful because it shows how the country’s attitude has slowly changed.
“When I first got back home, I was spit on,” he said. “Now, we’re becoming Americans again instead of fighting each other.”
Wizard agreed, saying while there was a ways to go before the Vietnam veteran received his just due, things were certainly improving.
“Today people appreciate the veteran more,” he said. “It’s come a long ways. They’ve come around and said, ‘It’s not your fault.’”
Coate, who teaches about the Vietnam War in class, said it’s sometimes difficult for today’s college student to fully grasp what things were like during the height of the war.
“Most of them have heard about it from parents or uncles,” Coate said. “For them, it doesn’t have the emotional significance it does with the older generation.”
Lasting effects
The differences surrounding the Vietnam War have had an everlasting effect on those who served time. Exposure to Agent Orange, an extremely hostile environment and the unknown fate of fellow soldiers all contributed to the onslaught of problems faced by Vietnam veterans after arriving back home.
The Department of Veterans Affairs estimates that more than 20,000 Vietnam vets have committed suicide since the war’s end.
“It was a harder war to fight,” Coate said. “Our soldiers had a hard time knowing the point of view of the civilians. In most wars we’re seen as the liberators. There, you couldn’t know for sure.”
Coate said the rotation method used, where individual soldiers would join a unit for a period of time before returning home, as opposed to coming and leaving as a unit, also took a toll on soldiers.
“Leaving the people that you fought with would be pretty tough, he said.”
Wizard said veterans shouldn’t be afraid to seek any help they need, either through counseling, attending reunions or joining veteran’s groups.
“I don’t know if there’s anything anybody else can do — it’s up to the veteran,” Wizard said. “The Veterans Administration could do more to help, but that’s a bureaucracy.”
Mason spends much of his time trying to obtain the benefits earned by Vietnam veterans in the state of Oregon. One of his primary concerns is the lack of mental treatment available. Of the 3.8 million veterans who receive services, one in five is for mental illness. Of the 172 Veterans Medical health centers, not one is for long-term mental illness, he said.
Mason said a major aspect of the Vietnam Veteran’s Association is trying to make the veteran feel like part of his community, not separate from it. The web address for the Oregon chapter is
www.vvaosc.org.
“The Vietnam vet has earned benefits that have been denied him primarily because of the money involved,” Mason said. “The Vietnam vet is due more than the parades or Memorial Wall that he finally got. He was the best his generation could produce.”
Bringing closure
Wizard said his latest weapon — education — reigns supreme above all others and has authored a series of books detailing his experiences. The books have been praised by many veterans for helping them come to terms with their own personal problems, realizing they’re not alone.
“Educating the public has been a key ingredient in preventing anything like that from happening again,” he said. “Books like mine have helped.”
He also said it was a return to that country that helped him deal with his feelings.
“That brought more closure and resolution to my mental turmoil than anything else,” he said, “Having the Vietnamese say ‘Thanks for being here before’ and ‘Thanks for coming back’ meant a lot.”
Wizard, who chronicled his 1999 return to Vietnam in the short story, ‘Make Friends Not War,’ available free of charge at
www.brianwizard.com, understands that a trip back to the country of bad memories is not for everybody.
“It’s an individual choice,” he said. “If you want to see what it’s like without war nipping at your heels you should go. If you come back with just one friend you can write a sequel to your own chapter of life.”