Preliminary Biological Activity:
Preliminary biological activity:
i) testosterone level
- incubation of E. longifolia aqueous extract in rat testicular homogenate
- steroid hormones (testosterone) analysis – capillary gas chromatography
Steroid Hormone Level LJ100 ®Extract Control
Testosterone 3.91 ±0.73 1.53 ±0.19
Progesterone 23.62 ±1.25 trace
17-OH Progesterone 5.28 ±0.46 0.95 ±0.23
LJ100® helps to activate enzymes activities that convert pregnenolone and 17-OH pregnenolone into progesterone and 17-OH progesterone.
Control
Prenenolone
LJ100®
An a
2.52
1.62
6.64
*
+0.12
+0.28
+0.44
An b &
2.64
1.99
0.38
Andien b
+0.09
+0.44
+0.11
An a, an b, and andien b are steroid metabolites that belongs to 16-androstenes steroid family, also known as pheromones are axillary secretion responsible in the synthesis of odour. An a plays an important role in communication, psychological and sexual behavior both in human and animals. This study shows that LJ100® is not only capable in increasing the testosterone production but at the same time it also influences the synthesis of pheromones.
Pregnenolone metabolite analysis in mice
ug steroid/10 mg protein
Steroid Extract Blank Control LJ100® (2) LJ100 (3)
5a-androstenone * * * *
androstenedione * * * 0.08
andien b & an-b 4.05 2.68 0.88 1.42
an-a 22.57 32.7 109.99 207.26
5-androstediol * * * *
5a-DHT * * * *
4-androstenedione * * * 0.07
testosterone 0.98 1.68 2.43 2.87
5a-androstane-diol * * * *
7-OH preg 2.43 5.15 1.41 1.31
progesterone 3.36 6.39 12.30 13.20
Note that there is no elevation of the dihydrotestosterone.
ug steroid/10 mg protein
Steroid % increase Blank Control LJ100® (2) LJ100® (3)
testosterone 180% 0.98 1.68 2.43 2.87
progesterone 190% 3.36 6.39 12.30 13.20
Steroid metabolite analysis (in human testes)
ug steroid/10 mg protein
Steroid Derivatives Control Pregnenolone LJ100®
5a-Androstane-3a,17 b-diol 5.12± 1.06 7.89 ± 0.82 5.75 ±0.32
5-Androstenediol 8.19 ±0.31 11.39 ±0.75 7.42 ±0.19
5a-Dihydrotestosterone 21.24 ±2.13 25.44 ±2.25 20.53 ±0.61
16-Dehydropregnenolone 3.72 ±2.04 3.94 ±0.91 4.86 ±0.94
testosterone 2.48 ±0.96 2.91 ±0.76 12.91 ±1.0
17-Hydroxypregnenolone 0.11 ±0.02 0.76 ±0.04 0.09 ±0.00
4-Androstenedione 18.33 ±4.21 21.58 ±0.94 24.51 ±1.83
Treatment effect towards testosterone concentration in rat Leydig Cells
Treatment Testosterone Concentration (pg/ml) % increase
Control 8.92 ±1.68
hCG 13.14 ±2.61 47.27
lac 13.03 ±3.10 46.11
LJ100® 19.38 ±2.70 119.77
hCG- Human Chrorionic Gonadotropin
lac-lactate
Based on the steroid biosynthesis pathways, CYP17 was selected for this study;
CYP17 that converts pregnelolone ® 17-OH pregnenolone ® DHEA or Progesterone ® 17-OH progesterone ® Androstenedione
Relative values for CYP17 gene following incubation with LJ100®
Treatment
Relative Values
hcg
1.157 ± 282.0
LJ100®
3.807 ± 0.590
CYP17 (17 a-hyroxylase/17,20 lyase) involves in the early stage of steroid biosynthesis. Result from this study showed that LJ100 ®significantly increased the expression of CYP17 gene compred to the positive control (hCG). The observed effect towards CYP17 gene expression might suggests that more of this enzyme is being produced, which will enhanced the matabolism of pregnenolone and 17-OH pregnenolone to yield more dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as well as the metabolism of progesterone and 17-OH progesterone to 4-androstenedione. This process is important in testosterone biosynthesis as DHEA and 4-androstenedione will be directly converted to testosterone.
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Anabolic Study of LJ100®
Sareena Hanim Hamzah & Ashril Yusof
Department of Exercise Physiology, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
Testosterone is renown biochemically for its anabolic nature and net effect of increasing metabolic rate and enhancing the process of biosynthesis. In this study, seven male subjects aged between 26-32 years took 100mg of LJ100 for a period of 8 weeks. Simultaneously, subjects performed an intensive strength training program with initial load of 60% RM, which was carried out on alternate days. Measurement of skin fold thickness, arm circumference, one repetition maximum (1RM) strength on the upper limb and the electormyographic activity of biceps were recorded before and after the period of consumption of LJ100®.
A double blind study on 7 controls was conducted (100 mg lactose) simultaneously. Fat free mass increased from 52.3 (7.1) to 54.4 (7.4) kg (p<0.05). The percentage of fat decreased significantly from 31.3 (5.5) to 28.4 (6.4) % (p<0.05). The arm circumferences of the participants were observed to increase from 30.9 (1.9) to 32.7 (2.0) cm (p < 0.05). The 1RM muscle strength test showed an increment from 73.7 (16.6) to 78.7 (17.0) kg (p < 0.05). The mean frequency of sEMG on bicep muscle contraction of the subjects showed a more significant improvement in strength (p<0.05) compared with the controls (p>0.05). This shows that when Eurycoma administered together with exercise gave a greater gain in strength. The results suggest that LJ100® standardized extract of Eurycoma longifolia Jack can have an anabolic effect on muscle cells.
Results:
Placebo (100mg/day) LJ100® Eurycoma Extract (100mg/day)
Parameters Pre (mean + SD) Post (mean ± SD)
Pre (mean + SD) Post (mean ± SD)
FFM (kg) 52.44 + 3.77 52.77 + 7.18 52.26 + 7.18 54.39 + 7.43*
Fat Mass (%) 22.83 + 2.43 21.33 + 2.35* 31.30 + 5.48 28.44 + 6.43*
1 RM 77.29 + 8.90 79.43 + 8.83 73.71 + 8.90 78.71 + 17.00*
Arm Cir (cm) 29.8 + 3.70 30.7 + 3.86 30.87 + 1.88 32.67 + 1.96*
sEMG (mV) 127.95 + 30.90 98.8 + 50.1 121.77 + 40.0 90.47 + 64.6*
*Results of mean ± SD for pre and post experiment showed significant difference (p<0.05)
The mean frequency of sEMG on bicep muscle contraction f the subjects showed a more significant improvement in strength (p<0.05) compared with the controls (p>0.05). The results suggest that LJ100® has an anabolic effect on muscle cells.
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LJ100® effects on Total Testosterone, DHEA, & SHBG
University of Malaysia, Dr. Ismail Tambe
Conclusions:
Total testosterone levels do not show LJ100® does not disrupt steroidogensis. This suggests the feedback system is activated to ensure the testosterone levels are within the individuals needs range. (This confirms that LJ100® is not a steroid that will result in the unhealthy side effects of steroidal use.)
Analysis of DHEA showed gradual increase in the level from 26% after 1 week to 47% after 3 weeks (using 100mg dose). This suggests that the extract may influence the DHEA production, which would in turn subsequently be aromatized to testosterone.
SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulan) analysis showed that levels were reduced in 36% of the cases after one week. The reduction went up to 66% after 3 weeks. This suggests that the extract could have an effect on the production of SHBG. (Reduction in SHBG indicates less protein to bind with androgen and therefore more free androgen for use by organs. A reduction will also reduce fat production.)
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Saliva Testosterone Test of 9 Individuals 26-52 years of Age
¢Dosage 2x2(50mg/capsules) morning & evening for 10 days
¢Normal range for athlete 800 = 150ng/dl of blood
Volunteer age pre treatment after treatment %
ng/dl blood ng/dl blood Increase
1 26 860 = 30 1,650 = 50 91.86%
2 28 580 = 30 985 = 35 69.83%
3 35 875 = 40 1, 576 = 60 80.11%
4 24 950 = 45 2,210 = 55 132.63%
5 29 755 = 30 1,345 = 35 78.15%
6 48 650 = 20 875 = 30 34.62%
7 52 450 = 25 765 = 35 70.00%
8 50 585 = 25 875 = 35 49.57%
9 42 350 = 30 480 = 35 37.14%
Data – preliminary data - more work to be carried out
Volunteers 1-5 are athletes - data are an average of 3 different studies at different times
Volunteers 6-9 do not exercise on a regular basis
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Effects of E. longifolia on animal testosterone
Animal
Increase %
Mice
479%
Rat
380%
Rabbit
320%
*Human testicular homogenate ( in vitro)
440%
J.M Saad et al 1995
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Effect of LJ100® E.longifolia extract on the levels of cAMP and cGMP of rabbit corpus cavernosa.
In this study, the mechanism of action of LJ100® Eurycoma longifolia extract on penile erection was assessed by determining the in vitro formation of cGMP and cAMP in rabbit corpus carvenosum. The effect of E. longifolia was then compared with the effectiveness of sildenafil citrate (viagra) in triggering penile erection. Corpus cavernosum tissues were treated with LJ100® E.longifolia extract and sildenafil citrate at different concentrations and incubation time. This was done by incubating the rabbit tissues in Dulbelco’s Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) containing various concentration of extract (0, 1.25, 1.875, 2.5, 3.125 and 3.75 µg/ml) and then measuring the cGMP and cAMP level using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) kit. Prior to this, the optimum concentration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a stimulus for nitric oxide formation and guanylate cyclase activated, were determined.
Significant findings
1. LJ100® E.longifolia extract increased the level of cGMP in rabbit corpus cavernosum to almost 4-fold.
In the presence of SNP (10 µm) LJ100® E. longifolia extract increased cGMP in rabbit corpus cavernosum with increasing concentrations (1.25 – 3.125 µg/ml). The effective concentration of LJ100® E.longifolia extract is 3.125 µg/ml at 30 minutes incubation. The increase was greatest (5.298pM/mg tissue) compared to control (1.2pM/mg tissue), representing a 4-fold increase. For comparison, a similar study was also carried out using sildenafil citrate, an anti-impotency pill known to act via elevation of cGMP. Sildenafil citrate increases cGMP in rabbit corpus cavernosum with increasing concentrations (10-7-10-4M) in response to SNP (10µM). The effective concentration of sildenafil citrate is 10-4M which increases cGMP up 4.832pM/mg tissue compared to control (0.8pM/mg tissue). The erectogenic effect of sildenafil citrate is mediated by specific enhancement of cGMP accumulation in the corpus cavernosum, consistent with the known activity of sildenafil as a potent and selective inhibitor of cGMP-phosphodiesterase 5 (cGMP-PDE5). The result from preliminary study shows that the mechanism of action of LJ100® E.longifolia extract is similar to sildenafil citrate.
2. LJ100® E.longifolia extract enhances the level of cAMP in rabbit corpus cavernosum; a phenomenon not observed with Viagra.
Effect of sildenafil citrate with concenration 10-4M, 10-5M, 10-6M and 10-7M on cAMP levels also was studied in this research. From the results, LJ100® E.longifolia extract was found to increase cAMP levels in corpus cavernosum and there were no significant increases of cAMP levels in the corpus cavernosum tissue treated with Viagra.
Results of this study validate the physiological observations of the aphrodisiac properties of E.longifolia whereby LJ100® E.longifolia extract is found to increase and enhance the levels of cGMP and cAMP on a time and concentration dependent manner in the rabbit corpus cavernosa tissue, even in the absence of sexual stimuli. The increase in both second messengers indicates smooth muscle relaxation and this can be extrapolated to a penile erection in a in vivo.