Nicotine is quite effective
Brain Res. 2003 Feb 28;964(2):311-5. Related Articles, Links
Nicotine administration decreases neuropeptide Y expression and increases leptin receptor expression in the hypothalamus of food-deprived rats.
Jang MH, Shin MC, Kim KH, Cho SY, Bahn GH, Kim EH, Kim CJ.
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoigi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, 130-701, Seoul, South Korea.
The effects of nicotine on the expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and leptin receptor in the rat hypothalamus were investigated via immunohistochemistry. The results show that NPY expression is not affected in the arcuate nucleus (ARN) and is increased only slightly in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by nicotine administration under normal (i.e. fed) conditions and that leptin receptor expression is decreased slightly in the ARN and not affected in the PVN following nicotine treatment under the same conditions. Food deprivation enhanced NPY and suppressed leptin receptor expression in the ARN and PVN of the hypothalamus. Nicotine administration resulted in decreased NPY and increased leptin receptor levels.
also raising dopamine (selegiline- which also restores NPY and NA nerve fibers)
J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Dec 1;92(1-2):9-21. Related Articles, Links
L-deprenyl-induced increase in IL-2 and NK cell activity accompanies restoration of noradrenergic nerve fibers in the spleens of old F344 rats.
ThyagaRajan S, Madden KS, Kalvass JC, Dimitrova SS, Felten SY, Felten DL.
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY 14642, USA.
Previously, we have hypothesized a causal relationship between some measures of immunosenescence and the age-related decline in sympathetic noradrenergic (NA) nerve fibers in spleen and lymph nodes of F344 rats. In the present study, we investigated this interrelationship further by measuring NK cell activity, Con A-induced IL-2 production, norepinephrine (NE) concentration, and morphological localization of NA and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) nerve fibers in the spleens of old (21 months old) male F344 rats after 10 weeks of daily treatment with low doses of L-deprenyl, an irreversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, followed by a 9-day wash-out period. NK cell activity and Con A-induced IL-2 production were increased in deprenyl-treated old rats in comparison to untreated and saline-treated old rats. Deprenyl treatment did not alter the percentage of CD5+ T-cells, but moderately increased the percentage of sIgM+ B-cells in the spleens of old rats. In addition to changes in immune responses, NE content and the volume density of NA and NPY nerve fibers were partially augmented in the spleens of deprenyl-treated old rats. In a separate study, various concentrations of deprenyl were added in vitro to spleen cells from young and old F344 rats to examine the direct effects of the drug on Con A-induced IL-2 production. In contrast to in vivo treatment, in vitro addition of deprenyl did not alter the Con A-induced IL-2 production by splenocytes from old rats. Together, these results suggest that the ability of deprenyl to enhance certain immune responses are interlinked to the restoration of sympathetic NA and NPY nerve fibers in the spleens of old rats.
and Neurogenex- which increases satiation through upregulation of Nicotinic receptors as well as through increases in Dopamine, NA, etc...