To be honest, just about every question has been answered somewhere or another in far more detail than my posts and long before I ever came here. I'm just basically distilling what others have already done and making it more available.
I just added the DFHT earlier today because I kind of got the feeling that people were using the Starr/JS182 5x5 program and not really taking away that the whole reason it's here is to illustrate the proper application of training protocol over longer periods. The idea is that someone creates a macrocycle type program (for non-competitive lifters even a rough 6 month hypothetical can be very valuable) based on proper periodization that addresses their own specific goals, tolerances, and weak points. Specific to BBers they might have phases where they concentrate on foundation style work, specialized work to address weak points, higher rep capacity work in the core lifts, and then even a dedicated strength phase.
The 5x5 with the 3x per weak deloading actually takes care of the foundation and strength in a nice package but nothing works forever and it's really just a cookie cutter program that tends to be setup decently from a load tolerance standpoint to allow most people to progress well. In reality, some people require more volume, some less. Some people are best served by ramping longer and starting lower, while others start high and ramp fast to near record weights. Just so many variables that are particular to individuals but they key is finding a good starting spot and adapting from there - and the 1x per week, train to failure, 3 day split type crap is just so far removed from a program that can generate consistent progress that it's effectively a useless place to start.
Regarding your own progress, I wouldn't worry too much about how much weight you did or did not put on in the 5x5. If your core lifts are increasing in the range of 5x5 - you are going in the right direction. That's a really good range for hypertrophy and strength - maybe the best (or very close to it) proxy for what it is you are striving for or for generating hypertrophy in general. Muscular gain is not linear to strength gain even though there is a very strong relationship in that volume range. Providing you are eating enough it will show up eventually - maybe all at once and surprise the hell out of you. Maybe later on when you switch to a higher rep range for a bit and that strength builds capacity into that rep range. Everyone is different, but you can bet if you best row, squat, dead, and press are going up in the 5x5 range - you are doing it right and if you eat enough, you will gain about as well as possible.