Well, here is the study that was used to come up with the conclusion that "Too much testosterone kills brain cells."
http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abst...INDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT
J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 35, 25492-25501, September 1, 2006
"Elevated Testosterone Induces Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells*"
Manuel Estrada12, Anurag Varshney1, and Barbara E. Ehrlich3
From the Departments of Pharmacology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
Testosterone plays a crucial role in neuronal function, but elevated concentrations can have deleterious effects. Here we show that supraphysiological levels of testosterone (micromolar range) initiate the apoptotic cascade. We used three criteria, annexin V labeling, caspase activity, and DNA fragmentation, to determine that apoptotic pathways were activated by testosterone. Micromolar, but not nanomolar, testosterone concentrations increased the response in all three assays of apoptosis. In addition, testosterone induced different concentration-dependent Ca2+ signaling patterns: at low concentrations of testosterone (100 nM), Ca2+ oscillations were produced, whereas high concentrations (1-10 µM) induced a sustained Ca2+ increase. Elevated testosterone concentrations increase cell death, and this effect was abolished in the presence of either inhibitors of caspases or the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R)-mediated Ca2+ release. Knockdown of InsP3R type 1 with specific small interfering RNA also abolished the testosterone-induced cell death and the prolonged Ca2+ signals. In contrast, knockdown of InsP3R type 3 modified neither the apoptotic response nor the Ca2+ signals. These results support our hypothesis that elevated testosterone alters InsP3R type 1-mediated intracellular Ca2+ signaling and that the prolonged Ca2+ signals lead to apoptotic cell death. These effects of testosterone on neurons will have long term effects on brain function.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Received for publication, April 4, 2006 , and in revised form, June 20, 2006.
* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants GM63496 and DK61747 (to B. E. E.), and FONDECYT Grant 1060077 (to M. E.), and a National Kidney Foundation postdoctoral fellowship (to A. V.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
1 These authors contributed equally to this work.
2 Present address: Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Correo 7, Santiago, Chile. Tel.: 56-2-9786272; Fax: 56-2-7776916; E-mail:
[email protected].
3 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520-8066. Tel.: 203-737-1158; Fax: 203-737-2027; E-mail:
[email protected].
BMJ