Not to scare you lads, but just so you are not surprised when it happens..........
This is the thing, the climate for steroids is so dreadful, and testing for more things also is going to be great for making more money.
There are rapid advances in technologies.
It wouldn't take much to be able to test for ALL known steroids using immunochemistry and anti-bodies, but it would be a bit expensive INITIALLY.
If the test became used quite a bit, the price could come down.
They don't test in blood, I think it is for legal/cultural/religious reasons, if they are going to test EVERYONE, it has to be a method where they can collect the sample from EVERYONE.
This first new method would be VERY fast and could be done on site, it may not even be necessary to send it to a lab.
Accession number & update
16802247 Medline 20060601.
Title
Rapid detection of anabolic steroids in urine by protein arrays.
Source
International journal of sports medicine, {Int-J-Sports-Med}, Jul 2006, vol. 27, no. 7, p. 526-32, ISSN: 0172-4622.
Author(s)
Zhou-Y, Du-G-H, Geng-M-Y, Lu-Z-H.
Author affiliation
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method utilizing the state-of-the-art protein arrays technique to detect urinary anabolic steroids (ASs) in athletes. Three experiments were designed to investigate the feasibility of the protein arrays for ASs testing.
Firstly, androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) protein arrays were prepared on polysaccharide-coated slides to investigate whether they can bind to ASs (affinity tests).
Secondly, in comparison to adrenergic receptor (the receptor of beta-blockers) and opioid receptor (the receptor of narcotic analgesics) arrays, AR and ER protein arrays were used to test whether they can determine the ASs positive urine sample specifically (specific binding tests).
At last protein arrays were used to estimate qualitatively the ASs in positive urine samples (qualitative tests). From the results of the affinity tests the shape of the dose-dependence curve suggested a positive cooperative binding of ASs with the protein arrays.
The AR and ER protein arrays showed affinities for fluorescence labelled testosterone and estradiol that were similar to those of literatures (0.65 vs. 0.89 nM, 5.96 vs. 10.3 nM, respectively).
Based on the data, the sensitivity of testing can reach 0.1 nM that was much better than the World Anti-Doping Code (WADA) standard.
Specific binding tests showed that the prohibited substance in positive urine samples belonged to the anabolic estrogenic inhibitor of ASs. From the results of qualitative tests,
we could estimate that there were anabolic androgenic steroids in the positive urine samples and their concentration was lower than 50 microM Methyltestosterone.
The total time of the test process for ASs in urine needed less than 1 h.
In summary, the present study showed that the protein arrays method provided a highly sensitive and rapid alternative to screen urine samples for the detection of the misuse of ASs in athletes and was suitable for testing in both weekly training sessions as well as large-scale competition events.
Accession number & update
16020502 Medline R 20050101.
Title
Challenges in detecting the abuse of growth hormone in sport.
Source
Clinical chemistry, {Clin-Chem}, Sep 2005 (epub: 14 Jul 2005), vol. 51, no. 9, p. 1587-93, 43 refs, ISSN: 0009-9147.
Author(s)
McHugh-Cathy-M, Park-Roderick-T, Sönksen-Peter-H, Holt-Richard-I-G.
Author affiliation
Endocrinology & Metabolism Sub-Division, Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
[email protected].
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Growth hormone (GH) is reputed to be in widespread use in the sporting arena as a performance-enhancing agent and is on the list of banned substances published by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The detection of GH abuse poses many challenges. Unlike many substances of abuse, such as synthetic anabolic steroids, GH is a naturally occurring substance; therefore, demonstration of exogenous administration must rely on detecting concentrations in excess of an established reference interval.
The purpose of this review is to discuss the methodologies being developed to detect GH abuse.
METHODS: We undertook a comprehensive search using multiple electronic databases and hand searches of reference lists of articles. The data for this review reflect our academic interests and experience through work on the GH-2000 and GH-2004 projects.
RESULTS: Two approaches have been taken to detect GH abuse. The first is based on assessment of the effect of exogenous GH on pituitary GH isoforms, and the second is based on measurement of markers of GH action.
The advantages of each approach and the difficulties encountered with each technique, as well as future concepts in detection, are discussed.
CONCLUSION: Although there are substantial challenges for the detection of GH, methodologies now exist to detect GH abuse with reasonable sensitivity and specificity
Accession number & update
15895470 Medline R 20050101.
Title
Hair analysis by GC/MS/MS to verify abuse of drugs.
Source
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, {J-Appl-Toxicol}, May-Jun 2005, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 205-11, ISSN: 0260-437X.
Author(s)
Gambelunghe-Cristiana, Rossi-Riccardo, Ferranti-Chiara, Rossi-Ruggero, Bacci-Mauro.
Author affiliation
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine/Laboratorio Attività Motorie e Sportive, University of Perugia, Italy.
[email protected].
Abstract
Because of its peculiar characteristics, hair analysis provides a way of obtaining information that cannot be acquired by other commonly used forensic medical analyses, such as blood or urine analysis. In the keratin matrix many xenobiotics are incorporated permanently, in contrast to the situation with blood or urine where they are generally only detectable for a few hours or days.
Therefore hair analysis should be the method of choice in the clinical and forensic toxicology field when the assessment of repeated or chronic exposure to a drug is required, e.g. in the case of criminal responsibility, revocation /restoration of a driving licence or in workplace testing.
Some factors that can affect the concentrations of drugs in hair, such as passive contamination, age, ethnicity and cosmetic treatment, must be considered. Analytical methodology is also very important: GC/MS/MS has proved to be a highly sensitive and specific technique for the detection of very low concentrations of such drugs in hair.
In this study five cases of the application of hair analyses using this technique for the determination of abused drugs (opiates, cocaine, amphetamine, anabolic steroids) are described.
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accession number & update
15768843 Medline R 20050101.
Title
Detection of tamoxifen metabolites by GC-MSD.
Source
Journal of chromatographic science, {J-Chromatogr-Sci}, Nov-Dec 2004, vol. 42, no. 10, p. 551-3, ISSN: 0021-9665.
Author(s)
Báez-H, Camargo-C, Osorio-H, Umpiérrez-F.
Author affiliation
Laboratorio de Análisis Antidoping, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Abstract
Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen used in the adjuvant endocrine therapy of early breast cancer and malignant breast disorders. It is also used in women with anovulatory infertility caused by its stimulating effect on the secretion of the pituitary gonadotrophic hormones.
In males it could increase the endogenous production of androgens. Because of these properties tamoxifen may be misused in some sports to treat the androgens suppression caused by the extensive abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids.
A method for identification and confirmation of tamoxifen metabolites is described. Hydroxymetoxytamoxifen is detected in urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in a selective ion monitoring method followed by the routine postrun in the screening of anabolic steroids.
Once the hydroxymetoxytamoxifen is detected, confirmation of reported metabolites could be performed with a 5973 mass selective detector in the scan mode after solid-phase extraction by cationic exchange.
This study also reports an excretion profile for a single dose of tamoxifen equivalent to 40 mg administrated orally to two males volunteers.
Accession number & update
15712284 Medline R 20050101.
Title
Another designer steroid: discovery, synthesis, and detection of 'madol' in urine.
Source
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM, {Rapid-Commun-Mass-Spectrom}, 2005, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 781-4, ISSN: 0951-4198.
Author(s)
Sekera-Michael-H, Ahrens-Brian-D, Chang-Yu-Chen, Starcevic-Borislav, Georgakopoulos-Costas, Catlin-Don-H.
Author affiliation
UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, 2122 Granville Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
Abstract
Madol (17alpha-methyl-5alpha-androst-2-en-17beta-ol) was identified in an oily product received by our laboratory in the context of our investigations of designer steroids. The product allegedly contained an anabolic steroid not screened for in routine sport doping control urine tests.
Madol was synthesized by Grignard methylation of 5alpha-androst-2-en-17-one and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.
We developed a method for rapid screening of urine samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of trimethylsilylated madol (monitoring m/z 143, 270, and 345).
A baboon administration study showed that madol and a metabolite are excreted in urine. In vitro incubation with human liver microsomes yielded the same metabolite. Madol is only the third steroid never commercially marketed to be found in the context of performance-enhancing drugs in sports.
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accession number & update
14964446 Medline R 20040101.
Title
Indirect evidence of hormone abuse. Proof of doping?
Source
Journal of endocrinological investigation, {J-Endocrinol-Invest}, Sep 2003, vol. 26, no. 9, p. 919-23, 18 refs, ISSN: 0391-4097.
Author(s)
Minuto-F, Barreca-A, Melioli-G.
Author affiliation
Chair of Endocrinology, DiSEM, University of Genova, Italy. minuto @unige.it.
Abstract
Besides anabolic steroids, the most common performance-enhancing hormones are erythropoietin (EPO), insulin, GH, and gonadotropins, mostly indistinguishable from endogenous hormones and with very short half-life.
This makes virtually impossible to demonstrate their use by measuring their concentration in the blood or urine. A possible approach to the problem may lie in in-direct demonstration through detection of the biological effects of these substances.
The finding of an increased hematocrit level is suspicious but not clearly demonstrative of EPO abuse. Very high levels of circulating EPO could be associated with a strong suspicion of doping, when associated to other abnormal parameters, such as Ht, sTFRr, EPO, RDW.
The presence of antibodies against the polysaccharide fraction of lateral chains of EPO has been observed only in patients treated with rhEPO.
Owing to the pulsatile pattern of GH, particularly during physical exercise, pathologically high values may be found in normal subjects.
Therefore, as in the case of EPO, evidence of GH abuse can be gathered only indirectly by detecting the biological effects of its administration.
In training subjects GH treatment increased GH, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and ALS, and decreased IGBP-2. After cessation of treatment IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and ALS approached basal values between 49 and 96 h. Also the bone parameters PICP ICIP, PIUP and osteocalcin increased significantly.
Four days after cessation of treatment, levels of PIIIP and ICTP were still abnormally elevated. In conclusion, increases in IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, PIIIP and ICTP are all indicative of recent GH abuse or of acromegaly.
Accession number & update
14633920 Medline R 20040101.
Title
(13C)Nandrolone excretion in trained athletes: interindividual variability in metabolism.
Source
Clinical chemistry, {Clin-Chem}, Feb 2004 (epub: 21 Nov 2003), vol. 50, no. 2, p. 355-64, ISSN: 0009-9147.
Author(s)
Baume-Norbert, Avois-Lidia, Schweizer-Carine, Cardis-Christine, Dvorak-Jiri, Cauderay-Michel, Mangin-Patrice, Saugy-Martial.
Author affiliation
Laboratoire suisse d'Analyse du Dopage, Institut de Médecine Légale, Département Universitaire de Médecine et Santé Communautaires, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nandrolone is one of the most abused anabolic steroids, and its use in doping is increasing, as revealed by numerous positive cases during recent years in various sports. Different authors have reported the possible natural production of nandrolone metabolites in humans, and some of these authors argued that exhaustive exercise could increase nandrolone production in the body or induce dehydration and consequently lead to an increase of nandrolone metabolites in urine.
METHODS: Volunteers (n = 22) ingested two 25-mg doses of ((13) C)nandrolone at 24-h intervals and collected urine specimens for 5 days. The labeled nandrolone metabolites 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
RESULTS: Interindividual variability was observed in nandrolone excretion patterns and kinetics, as well as for the noretiocholanolone:norandrosterone ratio. The amounts of nandrolone metabolites measured at the excretion peak varied between 1180 and 38 661 microg/L for norandrosterone and 576 and 12 328 microg /L for noretiocholanolone.
At the end of the excretion period, the noretiocholanolone:norandrosterone ratio was sometimes >1. The analysis of numerous spot-urine samples allowed the determination of an acceptable correlation between urinary creatinine and specific gravity for placebo- and steroid-treated individuals: y = 0.0052ln(x) + 1.0178 (r(2) = 0.8142) and y = 0.0068ln(x) + 1.0172 (r(2) = 0.7730), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The excretion kinetics and patterns of labeled nandrolone show interindividual variability. More investigations are currently underway to estimate the influence of exhaustive exercises on excretion of labeled nandrolone metabolites in urine. 
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