DEATH CAMPS
IT IS estimated that about 32 million people were killed by Joseph Stalin during his reign of terror between 1924 and 1953, with his chief method of disposal being the Gulags (short for Glavnoye Upravleniye Lagere), which were labour camps to house opponents of his regime.
Probably the worst of the camps was at Kolyma, in north-eastern Siberia, where temperatures dropped to minus 30F during the winter.
About a third of the prisoners at Kolyma died each year.
Those sent to the Gulags included peasants who were accused of "individualistic tendencies" and opposed the establishment of collective farms. Others such as writers and those with contrary religious beliefs were also sent to the camps.
Stalin was particularly suspicious of people who lived abroad or had relatives overseas. This included foreign communists who had fled to the Soviet Union to avoid persecution from their own governments.
Less is known about Gulags than the Nazi death camps, because of the secretive nature of the Soviet regime, but their victims were simply starved to death.