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40butpumpin
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I just gave my wife some Carao because she said she was feeling like she might be on the verge of a cold. So I figured since I've felt it's been helping my immune system, a good test would be for her to take it and see how she fairs. I had not given it to her before this. My wife is from the country of Peru, btw, Lima, Peru. As soon as she gulped it down, she says, "I know what that is, it's Sangre de Grado." "I'm positive it's Sangre de Grado."
Well, I just did a search on Google and the first thing that comes up is a nice little write-up on www.rain-tree.com/sangre.htm
Here's the text but you might want to go to the link instead.
Now I haven't asked Lloyd or Miles yet if it is indeed Sangre de Grado, however, it sure looks similar.
Check it out...
---------------------- CUT AND PASTED -------------------
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Croton
Species: lechleri, salutaris, planostigma
Synonyms: Croton draco
Common Names: Sangre de grado, sangre de drago, dragon’s blood, drago, sangue de drago, sangue de agua
Part Used: Bark, resin/sap
PLANT DESCRIPTION
Documented Properties
& Actions: Antibacterial, anti-diarrheal, antifungal, antihemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antioxidant, antitumorous, antiviral, cicatrizant, hemostatic, vulnerary
Plant
Chemicals
Include: alpha-calacorene, alpha-copaene, alpha-pinene, alpha-thujene, beta-caryophyllene, beta-elemene, beta-pinene, betaine, bincatriol, borneol, calamenene, camphene, catechins, cedrucine, crolechinic acid, cuparophenol, D-limonene, daucosterol, dihydrobenzofuran, dimethylcedrusine, dipentene, eugenol, euparophenol, gallocatechin, gamma-terpinene, gamma-terpineol, hardwickiic acid, isoboldine, korberin A & B, lignin, linalool, magnoflorine, methylthymol, myrcene, norisoboldine, p-cymene, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, resin, tannin, taspine, terpinen-4-ol, vanillin
Sangre de grado is a medium-sized to large tree that grows from 10–20 m high in the upper Amazon region of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Although tall, the trunk is usually less than 30 cm in diameter and is covered by smooth, mottled bark. It has large, heart-shaped, bright-green leaves and unique, greenish-white flowers on long stalks. Its Peruvian name, sangre de grado, means “blood of the dragon” (in Spanish). In Ecuador, it’s named sangre de drago (which means “dragon’s blood” as well). When the trunk of the tree is cut or wounded, a dark red, sappy resin oozes out as if the tree is bleeding—earning this local name. The genus Croton is a large one, with 750 species of trees and shrubs distributed across the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Crotons are rich in active alkaloids, and several species are well-known medicinal plants used as purgatives and tonics.
Sangre de grado’s red sap or latex (and also its bark) has a long history of indigenous use in the rainforest and in South America. The earliest written reference dates its use to the 1600s, when Spanish naturalist and explorer P. Bernabé Cobo found that the curative power of the sap was widely known throughout the indigenous tribes of Mexico, Peru, and Ecuador. For centuries, the sap has been painted on wounds to staunch bleeding, to accelerate healing, and to seal and protect injuries from infection. The sap dries quickly and forms a barrier, much like a “second skin.” It is used externally by indigenous tribes and local people in Peru for wounds, leucorrhea, fractures, and hemorrhoids, as well as internally for intestinal and stomach ulcers. Other indigenous uses include treating intestinal fevers and pyorrhea, in vaginal baths before and after childbirth, for hemorrhaging after childbirth, and for skin disorders.
Sangre de grado resin and bark are used in traditional medicine in South America today in much the same manner as indigenous ones. In Peruvian herbal medicine it is recommended for hemorrhaging, as an antiseptic vaginal douche and, topically, for healing wounds. It is also used internally for ulcers in the mouth, throat, intestines and stomach; as an antiviral for upper respiratory viruses, stomach viruses and HIV; internally and externally for cancer and, topically, for such skin disorders as eczema (as well as insect bites and stings). In Brazilian traditional medicine the sap currently is used for wounds, hemorrhaging, diarrhea, mouth ulcers, and as a general tonic.
Sangre de grado resin or sap is a storehouse of phytochemicals including proanthocyanidins (antioxidants), simple phenols, diterpenes, phytosterols, and biologically active alkaloids and lignans. They were reported in research over the years, some of which validated sangre de grado’s ancient history of use as a wound healer. Scientists have attributed many of the biologically active properties of the sap (especially its wound-healing capacity) to two main “active” constituents: an alkaloid named taspine, and a dihydorbenzofuran lignan named dimethylcedrusine.
Of course, botanists, herbalists, and naturopaths would disagree with such reductionist conclusions (and often do); in this particular case, the matter is actually proven by science. Noted author and ex-USDA economic botanist Dr. James Duke summed this up eloquently, saying, “I like the comments on dragon’s blood, and would add one further note: in addition to the proanthocyanadins (including Pycnogenol) and taspine, there's another active ingredient - dimethylcedrusine. While each of these alone - dimethylcedrusine, Pycnogenol and taspine - was shown to effectively heal wounded rats (with squares of skin exfoliated, i.e., peeled off) by European scientists, the whole dragon's blood was shown to speed healing four times faster. The whole was better than the sum of its parts. Synergy makes the whole herb stronger; diversity makes the rainforest stronger."
The taspine alkaloid from sangre de grado was first documented with anti-inflammatory actions in 1979. In 1985 taspine was documented with anti-inflammatory, antitumorous (against sarcomas), and antiviral actions. The cicatrizant or wound-healing action of sangre de grado resin first was related to the alkaloid taspine in 1989. Several later studies also concentrated on the wound-healing and antitumorous properties of taspine. The lignan dimethylcedrusine was isolated by scientists in 1993 and was shown to play a central role in sangre de grado’s effective wound-healing action. This Belgian study revealed that the crude resin stimulated contraction of wounds, helped in the formation of a crust/scab at the wound site, regenerated skin more rapidly, and assisted in the formation of new collagen. This was the study to which Dr. Duke referred in documenting that the crude resin was found to be four times more effective at wound healing and collagen formation than its isolated chemicals. The Belgian scientists also determined that taspine was active against herpes virus in this study. In 1994 other phytochemicals were found, including phenolic compounds, proanthocyanadins, and diterpenes, which showed potent antibacterial activity (against E. coli and Bacillus subtilis) as well as wound-healing properties. Another study documented sangre de grado’s antioxidant effects and researchers in Canada documented its antifungal properties. Another important traditional use of the sap was verified by clinical research in a 2000 study designed to evaluate its gastrointestinal effects. Researchers concluded that “Sangre de grado is a potent, cost-effective treatment for gastrointestinal ulcers and distress via antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and sensory afferent-dependent actions.”
Extracts of sangre de grado have demonstrated antiviral activity against influenza, parainfluenza, herpes simplex viruses I and II, and hepatitis A and B. The antiviral and anti-diarrheal properties of sangre de grado have come to the attention of the pharmaceutical industry over the last 10 years. A U.S.-based pharmaceutical company has filed patents on three pharmaceutical preparations that contain antiviral constituents and novel proanthocyanidins (a group of plant flavonoids they’ve named SP-303), extracted from the bark and resin of sangre de grado. Their patented drugs include an oral product for the treatment of respiratory viral infections, a topical antiviral product for the treatment of herpes, and an oral product for the treatment of persistent diarrhea. These products have been the subject of various human clinical trials. Finally, although the immunomodulating effects of sangre de grado have not been the subject of targeted research yet, some researchers believe that the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities may provide nonspecific immune enhancement effects as well.
Research has confirmed the indigenous uses of this powerful rainforest plant. It is a wonderful, sustainable rainforest resource that warrants consumer attention and will afford them much benefit as it becomes more widely available in the marketplace. Applied directly to the affected area, it is helpful for all types of cuts, scrapes, external wounds, bites, stings, rashes, and skin problems, including skin and nail fungi. Dr. James E. Williams, O.M.D., sums up sangre de grado’s many uses by natural health practitioners stating, “There is a wide range of potential applications for sangre de grado, including as a broad-spectrum anti-diarrheal agent from causes such as side effects of drugs, chemotherapy or radiation treatment, microbial infections of the intestine, traveler's diarrhea, and viral-induced diarrhea as in AIDS. It may also have other uses in gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative diseases. Its cytotoxic effects make it a possible antitumor agent and its cicatrizant properties provide wound-healing potential. In addition, the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of sangre de grado make it a useful compound in the clinical treatment of chronic viral diseases and as a natural antibacterial agent.” In addition, several health practitioners in the U.S. indicate benefits in using sangre de grado resin for diabetic neuropathy (taken internally) and to help heal diabetes-related skin ulcers and sores (applied topically).
Traditional Remedy: For external use, the resin/sap is rubbed directly on the affected area several times daily and allowed to dry. Please note: the resin is red! It will temporarily stain the skin a reddish-brown (which will wash off), but it will permanently stain clothing. For internal use, the traditional remedy is 10–30 drops in a small amount of liquid, taken 1–3 times daily. For dried resin and extracts in tablets or capsules, follow the label instructions.
Contraindications: None reported.
Drug Interactions: None reported.
ETHNOBOTANY: WORLDWIDE USES
Brazil Astringent, bacterial infections, cicatrizant, depurative, febrifuge, fungal infections, hemorrhage, hemostat, stomachic, tonic, tumor, ulcer (mouth), vulnerary, wounds
Dominican
Republic Hemostat, wounds, vulnerary
Ecuador Cancer, inflammation, wounds
Mexico Fever, gum, wounds
Peru Antiseptic, cancer, cicatrizant, diabetes, diarrhea, eczema, fracture, gastrointestinal problems, hemorrhage, hemostatic, hemorrhoids, infections, insect bites, laryngitis, leucorrhea, pyorrhea, rheumatism, skin rashes, skin cancer, throat, toothache, tumors, ulcers (intestinal, mouth, and stomach), vaginitis, vaginal antiseptic, vulnerary, wounds
References:
Duke, James A. “Added Comments on the Rainforest” Whole Foods Magazine, May 1997.
Perdue, G. P., et al. “South American plants II: Taspine isolation and anti-inflammatory activity.” J. Pharm. Sci. 1979; 68(1): 124–26.
Vlietinck, A. J. and R. A. Dommisse, eds. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Stuttgart: Wiss. Verlag, 1985.
Vaisberg, A. J., et al. “Taspine is the cicatrizant principle in sangre de grado extracted from Croton lechleri.” Planta Med. 1989; 55(2): 140–43.
Porras-Reyes, B. H., et al. “Enhancement of wound healing by the alkaloid taspine defining mechanism of action.” Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1993; 203(1): 18–25.
Itokawa, H., et al. “A cytotoxic substance from sangre de grado.” Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 1991; 39(4): 1041–42.
Pieters, L., et al. “Isolation of a dihydrobenzofuran lignan from South American dragon’s blood (Croton sp.) as an inhibitor of cell proliferation.” J. Nat. Prod. 1993; 56(6): 899–906.
Chen, Z. P., et al. “Studies on the anti-tumour, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing properties of dragon’s blood.” Planta Med. 1994; 60(6): 541–45.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. “Effects of sangre de drago from Croton lechleri Muell.-Arg. on the production of active oxygen radicals.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 58: 103–8.
Macrae, W. D., et al. “Studies on the pharmacological activity of Amazonian Euphorbiaceae.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 22(2): 143–72.
Miller, M. J., et al. “Treatment of gastric ulcers and diarrhea with the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado.” Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2000; 42: G192–200.
Meza E. N., ed. Desarrollando Nuestra Diversidad Biocultural: “Sangre de Grado" y el Reto de su Producción Sustentable en el Perú. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 1999.
Sidwell R., et al. “Influenza virus-inhibitory effects of intraperitoneally and aerosol-administered SP-303, a plant flavonoid.” Chemotherapy 1994; 40(1): 42–50.
Williams, J. E. “Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants of the Peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on Una de Gato and Sangre de Grado.” Altern. Med. Rev. 2001; 6(6): 567–79.
The above text has been preprinted from Herbal Secrets of the Rainforest, 2nd edition, by Leslie Taylor. Published and copyrighted by Sage Press, Inc., © 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, including websites, without written permission
from Sage Press, Inc.
A complete Technical Data Report is available for this plant
from Sage Press, Inc.
Well, I just did a search on Google and the first thing that comes up is a nice little write-up on www.rain-tree.com/sangre.htm
Here's the text but you might want to go to the link instead.
Now I haven't asked Lloyd or Miles yet if it is indeed Sangre de Grado, however, it sure looks similar.
Check it out...
---------------------- CUT AND PASTED -------------------
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Croton
Species: lechleri, salutaris, planostigma
Synonyms: Croton draco
Common Names: Sangre de grado, sangre de drago, dragon’s blood, drago, sangue de drago, sangue de agua
Part Used: Bark, resin/sap
PLANT DESCRIPTION
Documented Properties
& Actions: Antibacterial, anti-diarrheal, antifungal, antihemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antioxidant, antitumorous, antiviral, cicatrizant, hemostatic, vulnerary
Plant
Chemicals
Include: alpha-calacorene, alpha-copaene, alpha-pinene, alpha-thujene, beta-caryophyllene, beta-elemene, beta-pinene, betaine, bincatriol, borneol, calamenene, camphene, catechins, cedrucine, crolechinic acid, cuparophenol, D-limonene, daucosterol, dihydrobenzofuran, dimethylcedrusine, dipentene, eugenol, euparophenol, gallocatechin, gamma-terpinene, gamma-terpineol, hardwickiic acid, isoboldine, korberin A & B, lignin, linalool, magnoflorine, methylthymol, myrcene, norisoboldine, p-cymene, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, resin, tannin, taspine, terpinen-4-ol, vanillin
Sangre de grado is a medium-sized to large tree that grows from 10–20 m high in the upper Amazon region of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Although tall, the trunk is usually less than 30 cm in diameter and is covered by smooth, mottled bark. It has large, heart-shaped, bright-green leaves and unique, greenish-white flowers on long stalks. Its Peruvian name, sangre de grado, means “blood of the dragon” (in Spanish). In Ecuador, it’s named sangre de drago (which means “dragon’s blood” as well). When the trunk of the tree is cut or wounded, a dark red, sappy resin oozes out as if the tree is bleeding—earning this local name. The genus Croton is a large one, with 750 species of trees and shrubs distributed across the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Crotons are rich in active alkaloids, and several species are well-known medicinal plants used as purgatives and tonics.
Sangre de grado’s red sap or latex (and also its bark) has a long history of indigenous use in the rainforest and in South America. The earliest written reference dates its use to the 1600s, when Spanish naturalist and explorer P. Bernabé Cobo found that the curative power of the sap was widely known throughout the indigenous tribes of Mexico, Peru, and Ecuador. For centuries, the sap has been painted on wounds to staunch bleeding, to accelerate healing, and to seal and protect injuries from infection. The sap dries quickly and forms a barrier, much like a “second skin.” It is used externally by indigenous tribes and local people in Peru for wounds, leucorrhea, fractures, and hemorrhoids, as well as internally for intestinal and stomach ulcers. Other indigenous uses include treating intestinal fevers and pyorrhea, in vaginal baths before and after childbirth, for hemorrhaging after childbirth, and for skin disorders.
Sangre de grado resin and bark are used in traditional medicine in South America today in much the same manner as indigenous ones. In Peruvian herbal medicine it is recommended for hemorrhaging, as an antiseptic vaginal douche and, topically, for healing wounds. It is also used internally for ulcers in the mouth, throat, intestines and stomach; as an antiviral for upper respiratory viruses, stomach viruses and HIV; internally and externally for cancer and, topically, for such skin disorders as eczema (as well as insect bites and stings). In Brazilian traditional medicine the sap currently is used for wounds, hemorrhaging, diarrhea, mouth ulcers, and as a general tonic.
Sangre de grado resin or sap is a storehouse of phytochemicals including proanthocyanidins (antioxidants), simple phenols, diterpenes, phytosterols, and biologically active alkaloids and lignans. They were reported in research over the years, some of which validated sangre de grado’s ancient history of use as a wound healer. Scientists have attributed many of the biologically active properties of the sap (especially its wound-healing capacity) to two main “active” constituents: an alkaloid named taspine, and a dihydorbenzofuran lignan named dimethylcedrusine.
Of course, botanists, herbalists, and naturopaths would disagree with such reductionist conclusions (and often do); in this particular case, the matter is actually proven by science. Noted author and ex-USDA economic botanist Dr. James Duke summed this up eloquently, saying, “I like the comments on dragon’s blood, and would add one further note: in addition to the proanthocyanadins (including Pycnogenol) and taspine, there's another active ingredient - dimethylcedrusine. While each of these alone - dimethylcedrusine, Pycnogenol and taspine - was shown to effectively heal wounded rats (with squares of skin exfoliated, i.e., peeled off) by European scientists, the whole dragon's blood was shown to speed healing four times faster. The whole was better than the sum of its parts. Synergy makes the whole herb stronger; diversity makes the rainforest stronger."
The taspine alkaloid from sangre de grado was first documented with anti-inflammatory actions in 1979. In 1985 taspine was documented with anti-inflammatory, antitumorous (against sarcomas), and antiviral actions. The cicatrizant or wound-healing action of sangre de grado resin first was related to the alkaloid taspine in 1989. Several later studies also concentrated on the wound-healing and antitumorous properties of taspine. The lignan dimethylcedrusine was isolated by scientists in 1993 and was shown to play a central role in sangre de grado’s effective wound-healing action. This Belgian study revealed that the crude resin stimulated contraction of wounds, helped in the formation of a crust/scab at the wound site, regenerated skin more rapidly, and assisted in the formation of new collagen. This was the study to which Dr. Duke referred in documenting that the crude resin was found to be four times more effective at wound healing and collagen formation than its isolated chemicals. The Belgian scientists also determined that taspine was active against herpes virus in this study. In 1994 other phytochemicals were found, including phenolic compounds, proanthocyanadins, and diterpenes, which showed potent antibacterial activity (against E. coli and Bacillus subtilis) as well as wound-healing properties. Another study documented sangre de grado’s antioxidant effects and researchers in Canada documented its antifungal properties. Another important traditional use of the sap was verified by clinical research in a 2000 study designed to evaluate its gastrointestinal effects. Researchers concluded that “Sangre de grado is a potent, cost-effective treatment for gastrointestinal ulcers and distress via antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and sensory afferent-dependent actions.”
Extracts of sangre de grado have demonstrated antiviral activity against influenza, parainfluenza, herpes simplex viruses I and II, and hepatitis A and B. The antiviral and anti-diarrheal properties of sangre de grado have come to the attention of the pharmaceutical industry over the last 10 years. A U.S.-based pharmaceutical company has filed patents on three pharmaceutical preparations that contain antiviral constituents and novel proanthocyanidins (a group of plant flavonoids they’ve named SP-303), extracted from the bark and resin of sangre de grado. Their patented drugs include an oral product for the treatment of respiratory viral infections, a topical antiviral product for the treatment of herpes, and an oral product for the treatment of persistent diarrhea. These products have been the subject of various human clinical trials. Finally, although the immunomodulating effects of sangre de grado have not been the subject of targeted research yet, some researchers believe that the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities may provide nonspecific immune enhancement effects as well.
Research has confirmed the indigenous uses of this powerful rainforest plant. It is a wonderful, sustainable rainforest resource that warrants consumer attention and will afford them much benefit as it becomes more widely available in the marketplace. Applied directly to the affected area, it is helpful for all types of cuts, scrapes, external wounds, bites, stings, rashes, and skin problems, including skin and nail fungi. Dr. James E. Williams, O.M.D., sums up sangre de grado’s many uses by natural health practitioners stating, “There is a wide range of potential applications for sangre de grado, including as a broad-spectrum anti-diarrheal agent from causes such as side effects of drugs, chemotherapy or radiation treatment, microbial infections of the intestine, traveler's diarrhea, and viral-induced diarrhea as in AIDS. It may also have other uses in gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative diseases. Its cytotoxic effects make it a possible antitumor agent and its cicatrizant properties provide wound-healing potential. In addition, the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of sangre de grado make it a useful compound in the clinical treatment of chronic viral diseases and as a natural antibacterial agent.” In addition, several health practitioners in the U.S. indicate benefits in using sangre de grado resin for diabetic neuropathy (taken internally) and to help heal diabetes-related skin ulcers and sores (applied topically).
Traditional Remedy: For external use, the resin/sap is rubbed directly on the affected area several times daily and allowed to dry. Please note: the resin is red! It will temporarily stain the skin a reddish-brown (which will wash off), but it will permanently stain clothing. For internal use, the traditional remedy is 10–30 drops in a small amount of liquid, taken 1–3 times daily. For dried resin and extracts in tablets or capsules, follow the label instructions.
Contraindications: None reported.
Drug Interactions: None reported.
ETHNOBOTANY: WORLDWIDE USES
Brazil Astringent, bacterial infections, cicatrizant, depurative, febrifuge, fungal infections, hemorrhage, hemostat, stomachic, tonic, tumor, ulcer (mouth), vulnerary, wounds
Dominican
Republic Hemostat, wounds, vulnerary
Ecuador Cancer, inflammation, wounds
Mexico Fever, gum, wounds
Peru Antiseptic, cancer, cicatrizant, diabetes, diarrhea, eczema, fracture, gastrointestinal problems, hemorrhage, hemostatic, hemorrhoids, infections, insect bites, laryngitis, leucorrhea, pyorrhea, rheumatism, skin rashes, skin cancer, throat, toothache, tumors, ulcers (intestinal, mouth, and stomach), vaginitis, vaginal antiseptic, vulnerary, wounds
References:
Duke, James A. “Added Comments on the Rainforest” Whole Foods Magazine, May 1997.
Perdue, G. P., et al. “South American plants II: Taspine isolation and anti-inflammatory activity.” J. Pharm. Sci. 1979; 68(1): 124–26.
Vlietinck, A. J. and R. A. Dommisse, eds. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Stuttgart: Wiss. Verlag, 1985.
Vaisberg, A. J., et al. “Taspine is the cicatrizant principle in sangre de grado extracted from Croton lechleri.” Planta Med. 1989; 55(2): 140–43.
Porras-Reyes, B. H., et al. “Enhancement of wound healing by the alkaloid taspine defining mechanism of action.” Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1993; 203(1): 18–25.
Itokawa, H., et al. “A cytotoxic substance from sangre de grado.” Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 1991; 39(4): 1041–42.
Pieters, L., et al. “Isolation of a dihydrobenzofuran lignan from South American dragon’s blood (Croton sp.) as an inhibitor of cell proliferation.” J. Nat. Prod. 1993; 56(6): 899–906.
Chen, Z. P., et al. “Studies on the anti-tumour, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing properties of dragon’s blood.” Planta Med. 1994; 60(6): 541–45.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. “Effects of sangre de drago from Croton lechleri Muell.-Arg. on the production of active oxygen radicals.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 58: 103–8.
Macrae, W. D., et al. “Studies on the pharmacological activity of Amazonian Euphorbiaceae.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 22(2): 143–72.
Miller, M. J., et al. “Treatment of gastric ulcers and diarrhea with the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado.” Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2000; 42: G192–200.
Meza E. N., ed. Desarrollando Nuestra Diversidad Biocultural: “Sangre de Grado" y el Reto de su Producción Sustentable en el Perú. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 1999.
Sidwell R., et al. “Influenza virus-inhibitory effects of intraperitoneally and aerosol-administered SP-303, a plant flavonoid.” Chemotherapy 1994; 40(1): 42–50.
Williams, J. E. “Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants of the Peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on Una de Gato and Sangre de Grado.” Altern. Med. Rev. 2001; 6(6): 567–79.
The above text has been preprinted from Herbal Secrets of the Rainforest, 2nd edition, by Leslie Taylor. Published and copyrighted by Sage Press, Inc., © 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, including websites, without written permission
from Sage Press, Inc.
A complete Technical Data Report is available for this plant
from Sage Press, Inc.
She still has not forgiven me. 
