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What are these ?

the mechanic

New member
Hey guys,
Been a few weeks and I see so many new names. This board has exploded.
Anyway, I need some help identifying these compounds:
1. Capoten

2. Metformin

3. Pizotifen

Some of you will recognize where I am coming from here.
Thanks for the help.
 
I ran a search and this is what I came up with. Hope this is what you were looking for
Capoden

These combination medications provide two different mechanisms to control high blood pressure.
Captopril, enalapril and lisinopril are ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors block angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an enzyme that indirectly causes blood vessels to constrict. When this enzyme is blocked, blood vessels relax and blood pressure is lowered.
Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic. Diuretics are often called 'water pills'. Exactly how diuretics lower blood pressure is not known, but they may relax small blood vessels (arterioles). They also cause the kidneys to increase the amount of salt and water eliminated from the body in the urine

Metformin

Metformin is a biguanide that has been used worldwide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes for the past 4 decades. It improves glycemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle. Metformin does not stimulate insulin secretion and therefore is not associated with hypoglycemia. Improved metabolic control with metformin does not induce weight gain and may cause weight loss. Metformin also has a beneficial effect on several cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia, elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels, other fibrinolytic abnormalities, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. While metformin reduces insulin resistance, the cellular mechanism of action is incompletely understood. Metformin enhances muscle and adipocyte insulin receptor number and/or affinity, increases insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, stimulates glucose transport and glycogen synthesis, and reduces both hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. In addition, metformin has been reported to decrease lipid oxidation and plasma free fatty acid levels, leading to an inhibition of an overactive Randle cycle. Metformin monotherapy decreases the fasting plasma glucose concentration by ~60–70 mg/dl and HbA1c by 1.5–2.0% in patients with type 2 diabetes. The biguanide is completely additive to sulfonylureas and vice versa, as well as to acarbose and probably troglitazone. In insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients, the addition of metformin improves insulin sensitivity and glycemic control while allowing a reduction in the daily insulin dose. Side effects of metformin are primarily confined to the gastrointestinal tract (abdominal discomfort and diarrhea). These side effects can be minimized by slow titration and administration with food. Lactic acidosis is rare, with an incidence of ~3 cases per 100,000 patient-years of therapy. Most reported cases of lactic acidosis occur in patients with contraindications, particularly impaired renal function (>90% of cases). In summary, metformin is an effective and safe therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and the cardiovascular risk profile of type 2 diabetic patients has enhanced its clinical use as first-line therapy. In the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study, metformin was the only medication that reduced diabetes-related death, heart attacks, and stroke. Metformin recently has been approved for use in poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetic subjects. In the future, its indications may expand to insulin-resistant patients at a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes or with other components of the insulin resistance syndrome.

Pizotifen

This is an antihistamine drug that has a chemical structure similar to that of the tricyclic antidepressants, and also has similar anticholinergic effects. It is used to prevent migraine headaches in people who suffer frequent, disabling attack. The exact mechanism by which it works is not known, but it is thought to be due to its blocking action on chemicals (histamine and serotonin) that act on the blood vessels in the brain. Pizotifen has also been used to relieve the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome, a disorder in which excess production of serotonin causes attacks of flushing and diarrhoea. The main disadvantage of prolonged use of the drug is that it sometimes stimulates appetite and as a result often causes weight gain. It is usually prescribed only for people with whom simpler measures for the prevention of migraine (such as avoidance of stress and foods that trigger attacks) have failed.

M18
 
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