" Would the athlete who ate a very salty meal with high carbs the night before, or even just a few hours before perform better than his identical twin who just drank a shitload of water"
Not necessarily. Optimum performance requires the right electrolytes in the right proportions. Potassium, calcium, magnesium are all just as important as sodium in the long run, and you really need enough of all of them (but not excess) in the proper balance.
The carb aspect is also controversial. An endurance athlete will ultimately be running on fat-derived energy towards the end of an event. So no matter how good the "carb loading" has been, an endurance athlete's ability to mobilize and burn fats will still be the make-or-break factor (amongst many other things).
You also have to remember that endurance athletes are in a position to consume fluids, macronutrients and electrolytes during their competition (though absorption is often impaired in these circumstances). Power athletes only get a couple of short attempts at their goal. Excess fluid retention will slow an endurance athlete down, whereas it will generally improve the strength of a power athlete. You really can't compare the two.
As for these twins...their performance would depend an aweful lot on their pre-race preparation method in terms of their training, diet and specific manipulation of fluids, macronutrients and electrolytes.