Consuming carbohydrate triggers insulin release. Insulin essentially shoves nutrient into cells. Different foods have different glycemic index (GI) measures. The glycemic index is a measure of how fast a particular food causes blood glucose to rise. The faster the rise, the more of a "spike," or acute elevation in insulin.
Highly processed and starchy foods cause the most rapid insulin spikes (high GI) - foods such as whole oats, cracked wheat, most vegetables, legumes will have a lower GI.
Spikes are typically bad. Essentially, if there is too much insulin released too quickly, more nutrients will be moved into the cell than necessary for energy or protein synthesis needs. Thus these nutrients are morel likely to be stored as fat.
Consuming high glycemic carbohydrate, such as the aforementioned baked potato and white bread chaser, with fats such as the fatty steak, butter, and sour cream, will actually effectively lower the insulin spike that would be seen with the carbohydrate alone. (The higher the fat and protein content of a meal, the slower the digestion and release of the carbohydrate). I wouldn't recommend such a meal as optimal, but contrary to popular belief, high GI carbs consumed with fat does not necessarily equal worst-case fat storage.
Insulin spikes as correlated with the glycemic index don't necessarily say all we need to know regarding the particular carbohydrate foods effect on insulin. Whereas glycemic index is a measure of how fast a food raises blood glucose, glycemic load is a measure of how much blood glucose is actually elevated. A great example is watermelon. It has a high GI but low GL. It raises blood glucose very rapidly, but not very high.
General advice: Try to eat low GI carbs as a rule, with protein and healthy fats at each meal. Eat high GI carbs with protein post workout. A good ration post exercise is 4:1 carbohydrate to protein. 80 grams is way too much protein. 50 grams is at the high end, and even then one would only assimilate that dose if the protein source were at least partially a pure hydrolyzed protein. 30 grams of a good form of whey and 4 times as much high GI carb is a good way to go.
If you eat a piece of chocolate every now and then it won't kill you. Don't go overboard, and depending on the state of your body and your goals, don't do it too frequently.
I stopped reading at post 7. let me know if I missed anything.