...How do you take your coffee?
via enema
http://www.elitefitness.com/forum/chat-conversation/day-write-off-826833-6.html#post11407683
Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and Dementia
Several studies comparing moderate coffee drinkers (defined as 3–5 cups per day) with light coffee drinkers (defined as 0–2 cups per day) found that those who drank more coffee were significantly less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease later in life.[2][3] A longitudinal study in 2009 found that moderate coffee drinkers had reduced risk of developing dementia in addition to Alzheimer's disease.[4]
Reduced risk of gallstone disease
Drinking caffeinated coffee has been correlated with a lower incidence of gallstones and gallbladder disease in both men[5] and women[6] in two studies performed by the Harvard School of Public Health. A lessened risk was not seen in those who drank decaffeinated coffee. A recent study showed that roast coffee protected primary neuronal cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death.[7]
Reduced risk of Parkinson's disease
A study comparing heavy coffee drinkers (3.5 cups a day) with non-drinkers found that the coffee drinkers were significantly less likely to develop Parkinson's disease later in life.[8] Likewise, a second study found an inverse relationship between the amount of coffee regularly drank and the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease.[9]
Cognitive Performance
Many people drink coffee for its ability to increase short term recall.[10]
Likewise, in tests of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, incidental verbal memory, and visuospatial reasoning, participants who regularly drank coffee were found to perform better on all tests, with a positive relationship between test scores and the amount of coffee regularly drunk. Elderly participants were found to have the largest effect associated with regular coffee drinking.[11] Another study found that women over the age of 80 performed significantly better on cognitive tests if they had regularly drunk coffee over their lifetimes.[12]
Analgesic Coffee coenhancement
Contains caffeine, which increases the effectiveness of pain killers, especially migraine and headache medications.[13] For this reason, many over-the-counter headache drugs include caffeine in their formula.
[edit]Antidiabetic
Coffee intake may reduce one's risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 by up to half. While this was originally noticed in patients who consumed high amounts (7 cups a day), the relationship was later shown to be linear.[14][15]
Liver protection
Coffee can also reduce the incidence of cirrhosis of the liver[16] and has been linked to a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, a primary liver cancer that usually arises in patients with preexisting cirrhosis.[17] The exact mechanism and the amount of coffee needed to achieve a beneficial effect have long been unclear.[18] The cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF) beta has long been recognized for promoting fibrosis ability acting through the Smad family of transcription factors. In an interesting report recently published in the Journal of Hepatology, Gressner and colleagues provide the first mechanistic context for the epidemiological studies on coffee drinkers by showing that caffeine may have potent anti-fibrotic capabilities through its ability to antagonize the Smad pathway.[19]
Cancer
Coffee consumption is also correlated to a reduced risk of oral, esophageal, and pharyngeal cancer.[20][21] In ovarian cancer, no benefit was found.[22] In the Nurses' Health Study, a modest reduction in breast cancer was observed in postmenopausal women only, which was not confirmed in decaffeinated coffee,[23] and a reduction in endometrial cancer was observed in people who drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee.[24] According to one study, coffee protects the liver from cancer.[25] Another preliminary study found a correlation between coffee consumption and a lower risk of aggressive prostate cancer.[26]
Cardioprotective
Coffee moderately reduces the incidence of dying from cardiovascular disease, according to a large prospective cohort study published in 2008.[27] A 2009 prospective study in Japan following nearly 77,000 individuals aged 40 to 79 found that coffee consumption, along with caffeine intake, was associated with a reduced risk of dying from cardiovascular disease.[28]
Laxative/diuretic
Coffee is also a powerful stimulant for peristalsis and is sometimes considered to prevent constipation. However, coffee can also cause excessively loose bowel movements. The stimulative effect of coffee consumption on the colon is found in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee.[29][30]
Practitioners in alternative medicine often recommend coffee enemas for "cleansing of the colon" due to its stimulus of peristalsis, although medicine has not proven any benefits of the practice.
Contrary to popular belief, caffeine does not act as a diuretic when consumed in moderation (less then five cups a day or 500 to 600 milligrams), and does not lead to dehydration or to a water-electrolyte imbalance; current evidence suggests that caffeinated beverages contribute to the body's daily fluid requirements no differently from pure water.[31][32][33][34]
Antioxidant
Coffee contains the anticancer compound methylpyridinium. This compound is not present in significant amounts in other foods. Methylpyridinium is not present in raw coffee beans but is formed during the roasting process from trigonelline, which is common in raw coffee beans. It is present in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, and even in instant coffee.[35] Research funded by Kraft shows that roast coffee contains more lipophilic antioxidants and chlorogenic acid lactones and is more protective against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in primary neuronal cells than green coffee.[7] The espresso method of extraction yields higher antioxidant activity than other brewing methods.[36]
References
References
^ a b Klag MJ, Wang NY, Meoni LA, et al. (March 2002). "Coffee intake and risk of hypertension: the Johns Hopkins precursors study". Archives of internal medicine 162 (6): 657–62. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.6.657. PMID 11911719.
^ Maia, L.; de Mendonça, A. (July 2002). "Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer's disease?". European Journal of Neurology 9 (4): 377. doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00421.x.
^ Lindsay, J.; et al. (2002). "Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Prospective Analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging". Am J Epidemiol 156 (5): 445–453. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf074.
^ "Midlife Coffee And Tea Drinking May Protect Against Late-Life Dementia". ScienceDaily. January 15, 2009.
^ Leitzmann, M. F.; et al. (1999). "A prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men". JAMA 281: 2106–12. doi:10.1001/jama.281.22.2106.
^ Leitzmann, M. F.; et al. (2002). "Coffee intake is associated with lower risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in women". Gastroenterology 123 (6): 1823–30. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.37054.
^ a b Chu, YF et al., Yi-Fang; Brown, Peter H.; Lyle, Barbara J.; Chen, Yumin; Black, Richard M.; Williams, Claire E.; Lin, Yi-Ching; Hsu, Chih-Wei et al. (2009). "Roasted coffees high in lipophilic antioxidants and chlorogenic acid lactones are more neuroprotective than green coffees". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 (20): 9801–9808. doi:10.1021/jf902095z. PMID 19772322. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
^ Webster Ross, G. et al., Association of Coffee and Caffeine Intake With the Risk of Parkinson Disease, JAMA, May 24, 2000, 283:20, ([1] accessed Nov 30, 2006)
^ Benedetti M.D. et al., Smoking, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson’s disease, Neurology, 2000:55, 1350–1358. ([2] accessed Nov 30, 2006)
^ Koppelstaeter F, Siedentopf C, Poeppel T, Haala I, Ischebeck A, Mottaghy F. Influence of caffeine =excess on activation patterns in verbal working memory. Radiological Society of North America, 2005, abstract no LPR06-05 link.
^ Jarvis, M.J., Does caffeine intake enhance absolute levels of cognitive Performance?, Psychopharmacology, 2 December 2005, 110:1–2, 45–52. ([3] accessed Nov 30, 2005).
^ Johnson-Kozlow, M., et al., Coffee Consumption and Cognitive Function among Older Adults, Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:842–850 ([4] accessed Nov 30, 2006)
^ "Headache Triggers: Caffeine". WebMD. June 2004. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
^ Salazar-Martinez E, Willett WC, Ascherio A, et al. (January 2004). "Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus". Ann. Intern. Med. 140 (1): 1–8. PMID 14706966.
^ Huxley R, Lee CM, Barzi F et al (2009). "Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus". Arch Intern Med 169 (22): 2053–2063. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.439. PMID 20008687.
^ Klatsky AL, Morton C, Udaltsova N, Friedman GD (2006). "Coffee, cirrhosis, and transaminase enzymes". Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (11): 1190–5. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190. PMID 16772246.
^ Inoue M, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, Tsugane S (February 2005). "Influence of Coffee Drinking on Subsequent Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Study in Japan". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97 (4): 293–300. doi:10.1093/jnci/dji040. PMID 15713964.
^ Cadden IS, Partovi N, Yoshida EM (2007). "Review article: possible beneficial effects of coffee on liver disease and function". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03319.x. PMID 17555416.
^ Gressner OA, Lahme B, Rehbein K, Siluschek M, Weiskirchen R, Gressner AM (2008). "Pharmacological application of caffeine inhibits TGF-beta-stimulated connective tissue growth factor expression in hepatocytes via PPARgamma and SMAD2/3-dependent pathways". J. Hepatol. 49 (5): 758–767. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.03.029. PMID 18486259.
^ Rodriguez, T; Rodriguez T, Altieri A, Chatenoud L, Gallus S, Bosetti C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Levi F, Talamini R, La Vecchia C. (2 2004). "Risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer in young adults". Oral Oncol. 40 (2): 207–13. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2003.08.014. PMID 14693246.
^ Tavani, A; Bertuzzi M, Talamini R, Gallus S, Parpinel M, Franceschi S, Levi F, La Vecchia C. (10 2003). "Coffee and tea intake and risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer". Oral Oncol. 39 (7): 695–700. doi:10.1016/S1368-8375(03)00081-2. PMID 12907209.
^ Song YJ, Kristal AR, Wicklund KG, Cushing-Haugen KL, Rossing MA (2008). "Coffee, tea, colas, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17 (3): 712–6. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2511. PMID 18349292.
^ Ganmaa D, Willett WC, Li TY, et al. (2008). "Coffee, tea, caffeine and risk of breast cancer: a 22-year follow-up". Int. J. Cancer 122 (9): 2071–6. doi:10.1002/ijc.23336. PMID 18183588.
^ Je, Y.; Hankinson, S. E.; Tworoger, S. S.; Devivo, I.; Giovannucci, E. (2011). "A Prospective Cohort Study of Coffee Consumption and Risk of Endometrial Cancer over a 26-Year Follow-Up". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 20 (12): 2487. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0766.
^ Lopez-Garcia, E, van Dam RM, Li TY, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Hu FB. "The Relationship of Coffee Consumption with Mortality." Annals of Internal Medicine (2008) Jun 17;148(12):904-14. [5]
^ Koizumi A, Mineharu Y, Wada Y, Iso H et al. (2011). "Coffee, green tea, black tea and oolong tea consumption and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 65: 230–240. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.097311.
^ Rao SS, Welcher K, Zimmerman B, Stumbo P (February 1998). "Is coffee a colonic stimulant?". Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 10 (2): 113–8. doi:10.1097/00042737-199802000-00003. PMID 9581985.
^ Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Maresh CM, Ganio MS (2007). "Caffeine, fluid-electrolyte balance, temperature regulation, and exercise-heat tolerance". Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 35 (3): 135–140. doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3180a02cc1. PMID 17620932. (Review article, free full text available at Medscape with registration)
^ Armstrong LE, Pumerantz AC, Roti MW, Judelson DA, Watson G, Dias JC, Sokmen B, Casa DJ, Maresh CM, Lieberman H, Kellogg M. (2005). "Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption". Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 15 (3): 252–265. PMID 16131696. (Placebo controlled randomized clinical trial)
^ Grandjean AC, Reimers KJ, Bannick KE, Haven MC (October 2000). "The effect of caffeinated, non-caffeinated, caloric and non-caloric beverages on hydration". J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19 (5): 591–600. PMID 11022872.
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