Mr.X..........Do I need anti-e?

[drwoody]

Mr.X,Macro..........Do I need anti-e?

I am about to start a mild summer cutting cycle.

400mgs Primo a week for 10 weeks
50mgs Winny ed for 6 weeks.

I will throw in 200mgs Deca a week for the 10 weeks just a lube for my shoulders.

Do I need to run an anti -e during my cycle seeing as the deca dosage is very low?

I am prone to gyno and already have a very mild case of it naturally.

I have armidex,clomid and nolvadex on hand.

I have had a few differnt opions on this already so I am a bit confused,any help is greatly appreciated.

 

[Mr.X]

There are no aromatizing compounds in your cycle if you drop the deca and winny. Why use the winny if you have to add deca to 'lube' your joints? A primo /deca cycles doesn't make much sense to me either.

If you want to run a cycle right, go with test + primo. Your primo cycle is too low dose, 400mgs of primo is not going to do much for you. If you are prone to gyno /estrogen sides, you can run letrozole at 1mg ED - assuming you have the test in your cycle.

 

[drwoody]

This is the cycle that I am going to run.

So with 200mgs Deca a week do you think I should use anti-e during the cycle?

With the nolva and armidex I have?

Thanks for the reply

 

[Mr.X]

This is the cycle that I am going to run.

It's a bad cycle, but you're your own man - you can do whatever you want. Wasting your money just running 400mgs of primo. You'd get better results with diet/training/cardio.

So with 200mgs Deca a week do you think I should use anti-e during the cycle?

http://www.elitefitness.com/forum/showpost.php?p=6173692&postcount=4

If you have an existing case of gyno, I would suggest at least .5mgs to 1mg of letrozole ED.

 

[drwoody]

Thanks very much for your replies.

This is only my second cycle,the first one was 6 years ago and was identical to this one.I got exactly what I was looking for from it so I decided to run it again.I just can't remember if I ran an anti-e,thats why I ask.


Now I don't have any letrozole on hand,but I do have armidex and nolvadex.Would using the either of these be ok?

 

[Mr.X]

Now I don't have any letrozole on hand,but I do have armidex and nolvadex.Would using the either of these be ok?

In case you get progesterone sides, don't use the nolvadex. The arimidex will only help with estrogen sides; if you have progesterone sides from deca, you'll need letrozole. Thus, I suggest running letrozole from day one, especially if you have gyno already.

 

[AhMadKooL]

There are no aromatizing compounds in your cycle if you drop the deca and winny. Why use the winny if you have to add deca to 'lube' your joints? A primo /deca cycles doesn't make much sense to me either.

If you want to run a cycle right, go with test + primo. Your primo cycle is too low dose, 400mgs of primo is not going to do much for you. If you are prone to gyno /estrogen sides, you can run letrozole at 1mg ED - assuming you have the test in your cycle.

Right on the money!

 

[Wulfgar]

I keep telling people. No AAS cycle should be utilized without a test base unless your a total noob and your just running a deca only cycle or something.

 

[Mr.X]

I keep telling people. No AAS cycle should be utilized without a test base unless your a total noob and your just running a deca only cycle or something.

He's not going to listen, most newbies don't - it's a shame

 

[bigmouth2006]

He's not going to listen, most newbies don't - it's a shame

yeah i have guys at my local gym that think that test is the only thing that shuts down there nat. test levels so they won't touch the stuff and they do deca only or winny only i guess they just want to learn the hard way

 

[Mr.X]

yeah i have guys at my local gym that think that test is the only thing that shuts down there nat. test levels so they won't touch the stuff and they do deca only or winny only i guess they just want to learn the hard way

Try to educate them if you can, but beyond that there is not much you can do bro.

 

[drwoody]

I have taken some of your advice and upped the Primo to 600 a week for 10 weeks.So basically this is a Primo/Wiiny cycle with a therapeutic dosage of 200mgs a week of Deca for lubrication of joints.I Have also ordered some Letrozole.

Now I will be honest with you,I am afraid of Test.
A)I had very bad acne when I was a teenager and am very prone to it.
B)I don't want to gain 15-30lbs,I don't want people to know I;m juicing,I'm a business in a small town where eberyone knows each other.

Thanks again for your replies X.

 

[NFG123]

Re: Mr.X,Macro..........Do I need anti-e?

I am about to start a mild summer cutting cycle.

400mgs Primo a week for 10 weeks
50mgs Winny ed for 6 weeks.

I will throw in 200mgs Deca a week for the 10 weeks just a lube for my shoulders.

Do I need to run an anti -e during my cycle seeing as the deca dosage is very low?

I am prone to gyno and already have a very mild case of it naturally.

I have armidex,clomid and nolvadex on hand.

I have had a few differnt opions on this already so I am a bit confused,any help is greatly appreciated.

First, not to flame too much cause you are new. Asking mods outright is time consuming for them and insulting to other vets on this board who have a lot to offer.

Second, there is no reason to run an anti-e "just because" on that combo. The chance of gyno is quite low to begin with for the average user, and TMX (tamoxifen), anastrazole (arimidex, or other aromatase inhibitors) don't seem to have an impact on those who are prone to nandrolone mediated deca. Nandrolone has a very low aromatization rate to Estrogen (E2) as well, some say absent.

Here are some novel thoughts on what might help deca gyno (And I think they have been proposed before many times but the mechanism not fully explained).

Requip or Dostinex or even Bromocriptine are DA (dopamine) agonists, Dostinex is more D2 specific, and decrease prolactin secretion, which can be enhanced by progesterone (and Nandrolone being potentially progestin-like) can promote gyno possibly through this way or directly through progestin-activity.

The only way I know of now to block progestin activity is RU-486 (mifepristone), but unfortunately when these are taken for prolonged periods of time at dosage necessary, it also has an anti-glucocorticoid effect (which is stronger than its anti progestin effect). You may be thinking, shit, less cortisol action, bonus!

Wrong, NOT bonus. Studies that have seen these were pulled because patients taking this (ass a possible anti-fertility agent) went into an addisonian-like crisis (hypotension, mental status changes, salt wasting, electrolyte imbalances, arrhythmias). I wouldn't try it.

NFG

 

[NFG123]

Thanks very much for your replies.

This is only my second cycle,the first one was 6 years ago and was identical to this one.I got exactly what I was looking for from it so I decided to run it again.I just can't remember if I ran an anti-e,thats why I ask.


Now I don't have any letrozole on hand,but I do have armidex and nolvadex.Would using the either of these be ok?

Arimidex (anastozole) and Femara (letrozole) are in the same class of drug. If you have one, you do not need the other. They are equally efficacious from what I have read. Side effect profiles are similar. I recommend nolvadex instead of aromatase inhibitors, unless you have a compelling reason to avoid nolvadex....Keeping off an additional 2 lbs of water (though they both help with this) might be one, if absolutely necessary, and precontest conditioning ....

NFG

 

[jumpshot]

you can kiss your libido goodbye...you will get shutdown on that cycle no doubt. I ran that exact cycle. You need test bro, don't be afraid of it. Even 250/wk will hold off the shitty feelings and that low a dose likely won't give you acne.

 

[Mr.X]

I have taken some of your advice and upped the Primo to 600 a week for 10 weeks.So basically this is a Primo/Wiiny cycle with a therapeutic dosage of 200mgs a week of Deca for lubrication of joints.I Have also ordered some Letrozole.

Now I will be honest with you,I am afraid of Test.
A)I had very bad acne when I was a teenager and am very prone to it.
B)I don't want to gain 15-30lbs,I don't want people to know I;m juicing,I'm a business in a small town where eberyone knows each other.

Thanks again for your replies X.

If you're afraid of gaining mass, consider staying natural.

 

[drwoody]

Ok I'm confused now.

Fuk I'm week 2 of cycle,did 400mg Primo week 1 and am doing 600 this week along with deca both weeks,winny will start on week 4.My source was nice enough to exchange the armidex for letrozole which will be here in 2 days.So many different opions.I must of read on at least 5 different sites that a Primo/Winny cycle is a good combo.Anyways I gotta be at work in 15 minutes see you bro's later,and thanks to anyone who has replied with advice.

DW

 

[Mr.X]

Ok I'm confused now.
DW

what's confusing you?

 

[NFG123]

In case you get progesterone sides, don't use the nolvadex. The arimidex will only help with estrogen sides; if you have progesterone sides from deca, you'll need letrozole. Thus, I suggest running letrozole from day one, especially if you have gyno already.

Letrozole and Anastrozole are in the same class and for all practical purposes identical drugs. Like MrX said, they help with estrogen, but they, however DO NOT help with progestin or progestin-related gyno.

NFG

 

[Mr.X]

Letrozole and Anastrozole are in the same class and for all practical purposes identical drugs. Like MrX said, they help with estrogen, but they, however DO NOT help with progestin or progestin-related gyno.

NFG

letrozole is beneficial to progesterone related gyno....arimidex is not.

 

[NFG123]

From Clinical Pharmacology:

Description: Letrozole is a non-steroidal oral aromatase inhibitor. Unlike aminoglutethimide, an early aromatase inhibitor, letrozole does not inhibit adrenal steroid synthesis. Patients taking letrozole, therefore, do not require glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid replacement therapy. Letrozole appears to be more effective and better tolerated than megestrol. Final FDA approval was granted July 25, 1997. In January 2001, letrozole was FDA-approved for the first-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. In October 2004, the FDA granted accelerated approval of letrozole for the extended adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have received 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Approval was based on the first interim analysis of disease-free survival. Assessment of both safety and overall survival is limited because the study was terminated early due to positive results in the treatment arm. On December 28, 2005, the FDA approved letrozole for the initial adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor positive early breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The approval is based on the interim results of the Breast International Group (BIG) 1—98 study, which enrolled > 8000 patients, comparing 4 study arms: letrozole for 5 years, tamoxifen for 5 years, letrozole for 2 years followed by tamoxifen (total 5 years of therapy), or tamoxifen for 2 years followed by letrozole (total 5 years of therapy). After a median follow-up of 25.8 months, letrozole, as compared to tamoxifen, significantly reduced the risk of recurrent disease (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70—0.93, P=0.003). The risk of distant recurrence was also significantly reduced with letrozole (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.60—0.88, P=0.001). Women in the tamoxifen group experienced more thromboembolic events, endometrial cancer, and vaginal bleeding and women in the letrozole group experienced more bone fractures, cardiac events (ischemic cardiac disease and cardiac failure), and hypercholesterolemia; the overall incidence of life-threatening events was similar between the 2 groups. The majority of the data from this interim analysis reflects data from patients that have received only letrozole or only tamoxifen for approximately 2 years. Further analyses will address the safety and efficacy of continuous letrozole or tamoxifen for 5 years or switching to the alternate endocrine therapy after 2 years.

Mechanism of Action: Letrozole inhibits aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in estrogen production. Letrozole competitively binds to the heme of the cytochrome P450 subunit of aromatase. The formation of adrenal corticosteroids, aldosterone, or thyroid hormones is not affected by letrozole; only serum estradiol concentrations are affected by letrozole. In postmenopausal women, the principal source of circulating estrogens is from the conversion of adrenal and ovarian androgens (androstenedione and testosterone) to estrogens (estrone and estradiol) by aromatase in peripheral tissues. Inhibition of aromatase may result in a more complete estrogen block than surgical ablation. Extraglandular sites are more amenable to aromatase inhibition by letrozole than are premenopausal ovaries. Inhibiting the biosynthesis of estrogens is one way to deprive the tumor of estrogens and to restrict tumor growth. Letrozole can reduce circulating estrogen concentrations by 75—95% from the baseline within 2—3 days. Serum lutenizing hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are not affected by letrozole. Aromatase inhibitors might also inhibit estrogen production at the tumor cell. However, tumor production of estradiol may be insignificant because aromatase activity appears to be low.

From ClinPharm:

Description: Anastrozole is a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. Anastrozole is highly potent and specific for aromatase, and represents the fourth generation of aromatase inhibitors. Anastrozole significantly suppresses serum estradiol levels, and it offers an alternative to tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Unlike aminoglutethimide, an early aromatase inhibitor, anastrozole does not inhibit adrenal steroid synthesis. Patients taking anastrozole, therefore, do not require glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid replacement therapy. Anastrozole causes less weight gain than megestrol and may offer a survival advantage over megestrol in women with advanced breast cancer. Anastrozole was initially FDA-approved for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women whose disease has progressed during tamoxifen therapy in December 1995. In September 2000, the FDA approved anastrozole for the first-line treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Anastrozole was approved for the adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive disease in September 2002. Accelerated FDA-approval for this indication was based on the preliminary results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial. After a median 33 months of follow-up, postmenopausal women with estrogen-receptor positive tumors treated with anastrozole had statistically significant improvement in disease-free survival of 89.4% at three years compared to 87.4% in the tamoxifen or combination groups. However, there is controversy whether or not this preliminary difference will be clinically significant at the end of 5 years or if these results warrant a change in the current standard of care for this population. In September 2005, anastrozole received full FDA approval for the adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer in postmenopausal women with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Five-year data from the ATAC trial confirm that anastrozole reduces the risk of breast cancer recurrence when compared to tamoxifen in all patients regardless of estrogen-receptor status (hazards ratio 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.78—0.97, p=0.01) and in those patients with estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer (hazards ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.73—0.94, p=0.005). In addition, the time to breast cancer recurrence favored anastrozole. Patients receiving anastrozole experienced fewer adverse events than those receiving tamoxifen. The investigators concluded that anastrozole should be considered as the preferred first-line treatment in this population.

Mechanism of Action: Anastrozole inhibits aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in estrogen production. Anastrozole is an oral, competitive, non-steroidal inhibitor of aromatase and is less likely to exhibit agonist or antagonist steroidal properties. The formation of adrenal corticosteroids or aldosterone is not affected by anastrozole; only serum estradiol concentrations are affected by anastrozole. In postmenopausal women, the principal source of circulating estrogens is from the conversion of adrenal and ovarian androgens (androstenedione and testosterone) to estrogens (estrone and estradiol) by aromatase in peripheral tissues. Inhibition of aromatase may result in a more complete estrogen block than surgical ablation. Extraglandular sites are more amenable to aromatase inhibition by anastrozole than are premenopausal ovaries. Inhibiting the biosynthesis of estrogens is one way to deprive the tumor of estrogens and to restrict tumor growth. Estradiol plasma concentrations decrease about 80% from the baseline with continued dosing of anastrozole. Aromatase inhibitors might also inhibit estrogen production at the tumor cell. However, tumor production of estradiol may be insignificant because aromatase activity appears to be low. Anastrozole has little or no effect on CNS, autonomic, or neuromuscular function.

Clinical Indication for both: ER positive Breast Cancer.

The difference between these two drugs is like the difference between Nexium and Prevacid. They both prevent acid reflux, the drugs are essentially identical for all practical purposes.

NFG

 

[NFG123]

Structures:

http://www.grio.org/lettre/images/anastrozole.gif

Letrozole:

http://img.ebigchina.com/cdimg/122281/502680/0/1065846232.jpg

 

[Mr.X]

From Clinical Pharmacology:



From ClinPharm:

Clinical Indication for both: ER positive Breast Cancer.

The difference between these two drugs is like the difference between Nexium and Prevacid. They both prevent acid reflux, the drugs are essentially identical for all practical purposes.

NFG

Thanks for quoting lots of studies for me, that's really helpful lol

here I did a search for you too, so I don't have to retype things.
http://www.elitefitness.com/forum/showpost.php?p=6168106&postcount=8

Letrozole is the most powerful AI out there, it reduces progesterone receptor expression to a great degree. This helps most individuals combat progesterone related gyno. The other AIs, like arimidex are not nearly as potent; thus, not nearly as effective at combatting progesterone related gyno. You can't compare arimidex and letrozole just because they are both competitive aromatase inhibitors. Letrozole is the most powerful AI on the market, while arimidex is much weaker. I have yet to meet one individual who would tell me that arimidex did anything for his progesterone gyno.

 

[NFG123]

Thanks for quoting lots of studies for me, that's really helpful lol

here I did a search for you too, so I don't have to retype things.
http://www.elitefitness.com/forum/showpost.php?p=6168106&postcount=8

Letrozole is the most powerful AI out there, it reduces progesterone receptor expression to a great degree. This helps most individuals combat progesterone related gyno. The other AIs, like arimidex are not nearly as potent; thus, not nearly as effective at combatting progesterone related gyno. You can't compare arimidex and letrozole just because they are both competitive aromatase inhibitors. Letrozole is the most powerful AI on the market, while arimidex is much weaker. I have yet to meet one individual who would tell me that arimidex did anything for his progesterone gyno.

Anastrozole is actually, it appears, less potent than anastrozole on a dosing basis. The standard initial dose is 2.5 mg letrozole for patients with Breast CA (post menopausal) and 1 mg daily for anastrozole. The reductions in serum E2 at this dose is comparable (80% for arimidex, 75-95% for letrozole), and since 80% is within the confidence interval for letrozole, statistically, they are "the same".

I reviewed the literature, quickly, on pubmed, and found one questionable trial of 63 patients using histologic markers for PgR (Progesterone Receptor) shwoing a decrease at 2 weeks and 3 months post letrozole treatment.

However, I found STRONGER evidence, in a more well respected journal (J Clin Onc) showing an evaluation of the IMPACT trial (n = 330), that examined this issue.

They also examined PgR as a marker in tumor cells.

There were major differences between the treatments in their effects on PgR. In the anastrozole-treated patients, PgR levels fell by 41% at 2 weeks and 82% at 12 weeks (median, P .05 for both), while in the tamoxifen-treated group, there was an increase by 48% at 2 weeks (P .05) with a return close to baseline (+3%) at 12 weeks. At both 2 and 12 weeks the combination-treated group showed no significant change from baseline (+8% and +2%, respectively). Thus the effects were intermediate between anastrozole and tamoxifen at 2 weeks, but segregated with the tamoxifen effect at 12 weeks. At both 2 and 12 weeks the effects were highly significantly different between tamoxifen and anastrozole (P < .0001). The changes for individual patients on anastrozole and tamoxifen at 2 weeks are shown in Figure 9. There was a significant relationship between the reductions in Ki67 and PgR levels for the anastrozole group (P = .003) and a significant relationship between the decrease in Ki67 and the increase in PgR for the tamoxifen group (P = .027) at this time.

Ki67 is just a tumor marker for Breast Cancer (histologic).

I don't have any head - to - head data, but essentially it supports what I have been saying all along, they are basically the same drug.

These are also very poor studies for determining gyno, as

1. The tissue being monitored is a TUMOR not physiologic tissue and will have a different response.
2. Its Breast tissue, specifically ductal tissue, and the main cause of gyno could be stromal/lobular proliferation were not looked at. Adipocyte response was not examined.
3. It doesn't make mention of prolactin mediated effects as progesterone can increase neural output of prolactin (they weren't staining neural tissue)
4. This was not done in an environment of pharmacologic steroid use.

More or less: neither letrozole or anastrazole should have an effect on prolactin/progestin gyno, and if one has an effect (which anecdocally from self reports, a poor way to measure response) they should be equivalent.

NFG

 

[NFG123]

Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 23, No 11 (April 10), 2005: pp. 2477-2492

is the citation.

 

[Mr.X]

I reviewed the literature, quickly, on pubmed,

I guess you never read my posts about studies. I don't use studies as a sole basis for what I say, I use experience. ALL scientific studies are, at best, misleading. The majority is just fraud, deception and lies - the rest are bias and misleading. I've worked with many people on cycles, diets, gyno treatements etc... From experience, I can say that letrozole is effective for progesterone gyno - it's not magic, but it is effective. Arimidex is not...if you had used both of the products for gyno treatement, you would know the huge difference between the two.

A good example:

http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060501/full/nj7089-122a.html
"DeNino had uncovered one of the most serious cases of scientific misconduct reported in recent years. His boss, obesity expert Eric Poehlman, had committed scientific fraud for more than 12 years in numerous publications and grant proposals1. Now debarred from receiving federal research funding for life, Poehlman must repay $180,000 and is one of only two researchers ever charged in a US criminal court for misconduct."

http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2006/01/10/a_look_at_other_scientific_frauds?mode=PF

--Last March, Dr. Gary Kammer, a Wake Forest University rheumatology professor and leading lupus expert, was found to have made up two families and their medical conditions in federal grant applications. He resigned from the university and was suspended from receiving federal grants for three years.

--In 2004, federal officials found that Dr. Ali Sultan, then an award-winning malaria researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health, had plagiarized text and figures, and falsified his data -- substituting results from one type of malaria for another -- on a grant application for federal funds to study malaria drugs. Sultan resigned.

--As a researcher at Bell Labs, Jan Hendrik Schon made up or altered data in electronics experiments at least 16 times between 1998 and 2001, an investigation concluded. He was fired in 2002.

--The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory said in 2002 that its reported discovery of two chemical elements in 1999 was based on bogus research. The results were retracted in 2001.

--Stephen Breuning, a well-known research psychologist, pleaded guilty in 1988 to falsifying research data on drug therapies for mentally retarded children while working for the University of Pittsburgh.

--In 1981, Dr. John Darsee, a Harvard cardiologist and medical researcher, was found to have faked data in an experiment on heart attacks in dogs. He was later found to have made up much of his data in more than 100 papers published over 14 years while he worked at Harvard and Emory University. Darsee was dismissed and cut off from federal research funds for 10 years.

--In 1974, Dr. William Summerlin resigned from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York after admitting he had forged an experiment on the immune system's reaction to foreign tissue. He used a dark, felt-tipped pen on a white mouse and made it appear that tissue had been grafted successfully from a black mouse

 

[NFG123]

You make a good point about studies. I wouldn't say all scientific studies are misleading, they are the basis for nearly all medical decision making done in the US and have seen the life expectancy triple over the past 80 years. there are problems as you pointed out, but these are a minority of cases in the thousands of articles published every month. That being said, its important to look at each thing you read with scrutiny.

I guess you never read my posts about studies. I don't use studies as a sole basis for what I say, I use experience. ALL scientific studies are, at best, misleading. The majority is just fraud, deception and lies - the rest are bias and misleading. I've worked with many people on cycles, diets, gyno treatements etc... From experience, I can say that letrozole is effective for progesterone gyno - it's not magic, but it is effective. Arimidex is not...if you had used both of the products for gyno treatement, you would know the huge difference between the two.

A good example:

http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060501/full/nj7089-122a.html
"DeNino had uncovered one of the most serious cases of scientific misconduct reported in recent years. His boss, obesity expert Eric Poehlman, had committed scientific fraud for more than 12 years in numerous publications and grant proposals1. Now debarred from receiving federal research funding for life, Poehlman must repay $180,000 and is one of only two researchers ever charged in a US criminal court for misconduct."

http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2006/01/10/a_look_at_other_scientific_frauds?mode=PF

--Last March, Dr. Gary Kammer, a Wake Forest University rheumatology professor and leading lupus expert, was found to have made up two families and their medical conditions in federal grant applications. He resigned from the university and was suspended from receiving federal grants for three years.

--In 2004, federal officials found that Dr. Ali Sultan, then an award-winning malaria researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health, had plagiarized text and figures, and falsified his data -- substituting results from one type of malaria for another -- on a grant application for federal funds to study malaria drugs. Sultan resigned.

--As a researcher at Bell Labs, Jan Hendrik Schon made up or altered data in electronics experiments at least 16 times between 1998 and 2001, an investigation concluded. He was fired in 2002.

--The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory said in 2002 that its reported discovery of two chemical elements in 1999 was based on bogus research. The results were retracted in 2001.

--Stephen Breuning, a well-known research psychologist, pleaded guilty in 1988 to falsifying research data on drug therapies for mentally retarded children while working for the University of Pittsburgh.

--In 1981, Dr. John Darsee, a Harvard cardiologist and medical researcher, was found to have faked data in an experiment on heart attacks in dogs. He was later found to have made up much of his data in more than 100 papers published over 14 years while he worked at Harvard and Emory University. Darsee was dismissed and cut off from federal research funds for 10 years.

--In 1974, Dr. William Summerlin resigned from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York after admitting he had forged an experiment on the immune system's reaction to foreign tissue. He used a dark, felt-tipped pen on a white mouse and made it appear that tissue had been grafted successfully from a black mouse