Dextrose is glucose. The reason it is often in a bodybuilders postworkout meal is due to its great insulin spiking ability and muscle glycogen restoring properties. Your body has glycogen stores in the liver and muscles (maybe other places too? but I don't know). During your workout, your muscle's use muscle glycogen (maybe liver too? I don't know) which results in these stores being lower after you workout. A lot of research supports the idea of eating high GI glucose(dextrose) based carbs after working out to refill these stores. I know I definitely notice a difference in doing so and many others on this board do too. During your next workout, your performance may be worse than if you don't eat a postworkout meal than if you did, but I'm not sure of the reason..energy or halted recovery.
I remember when I use to eat fructose based simple carbs after working out and I did not get the same effect as when I ate glucose based carbs. My muscles just did not feel recovered or as full with that regimen. From my understanding, the research indicates that fructose does not refill muscle glycogen (at least under most conditions), but only liver glycogen.