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glutamine
- Thread starter cman
- Start date
Stryc-9
New member
Hope you don't mind the scientific jargon, but here ya go (the source escapes me right now - but I can find it if anyone REALLY wants to know):
Glutamine is classified as a nonessential amino acid since it can be readily synthesized by various tissues such as the skeletal muscles, liver, and adipose tissue.
Benefits include:
1. Maintenance of muscle mass during physiological stress:
During exercise or other times of metabolic stress (e.g. fasting, severe injury, illness, PUMPING IRON, etc.), the demand for plasma glutamine markedly increases. For instance, various cells of the immune system such as the lymphocytes and macrophages depend on glutamine as a primary fuel source, and thus the demand for glutamine increases when an immunological response is mounted.
Glutamine supplementation may promote nitrogen retention (a positive nitrogen balance) and prevent the loss of muscle protein. A decreased ratio of testosterone to cortisol is believed to be directly responsible for losses in muscle mass since cortisol promotes the synthesis of glutamine synthetase. By maintaining intracellular concentrations of glutamine within the skeletal muscles, the synthesis of glutamine synthetase mRNA may be inhibited and thus the loss of intracellular nitrogen through glutamine may be prevented.
2. Increased muscle cell volume:
It has been suggested that glutamine supplementation may induce an anabolic effect as an osmotically active agent. Previous research has indicated that changes in the cellular hydration state (and thus changes in cell volume) may act as a metabolic signal. An increase in cell volume has been associated with cellular anabolism while cell shrinkage has been associated with cellular catabolism.
3. Enhanced immune system:
Cells of the immune system including the macrophages and lymphocytes depend on glutamine as a primary fuel source. In addition, it has been hypothesized that a high rate of glutamine consumption by these rapidly proliferating cells is required for sufficient nucleotide synthesis. Research indicates that low levels of glutamine within the body may result in the increased susceptibility to infections and illness due to a suppressed immune system. The ability to proliferate and the activity of immune cells in vitro have reportedly been suppressed in mediums lacking glutamine.
Furthermore, an increased rate of infection and illness (particularly infections of the upper respiratory tract) has been reported among athletes participating in intense, long duration sports activities (e.g. marathon racing). It has been suggested that a decline in plasma glutamine concentrations may be one of the factors responsible for this increased rate of illness. Specifically, the activity of natural killer cells, a reduced number and proliferative ability of lymphocytes, and a reduced ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor cells may be the result of prolonged, exhaustive exercise.
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cheers!
Glutamine is classified as a nonessential amino acid since it can be readily synthesized by various tissues such as the skeletal muscles, liver, and adipose tissue.
Benefits include:
1. Maintenance of muscle mass during physiological stress:
During exercise or other times of metabolic stress (e.g. fasting, severe injury, illness, PUMPING IRON, etc.), the demand for plasma glutamine markedly increases. For instance, various cells of the immune system such as the lymphocytes and macrophages depend on glutamine as a primary fuel source, and thus the demand for glutamine increases when an immunological response is mounted.
Glutamine supplementation may promote nitrogen retention (a positive nitrogen balance) and prevent the loss of muscle protein. A decreased ratio of testosterone to cortisol is believed to be directly responsible for losses in muscle mass since cortisol promotes the synthesis of glutamine synthetase. By maintaining intracellular concentrations of glutamine within the skeletal muscles, the synthesis of glutamine synthetase mRNA may be inhibited and thus the loss of intracellular nitrogen through glutamine may be prevented.
2. Increased muscle cell volume:
It has been suggested that glutamine supplementation may induce an anabolic effect as an osmotically active agent. Previous research has indicated that changes in the cellular hydration state (and thus changes in cell volume) may act as a metabolic signal. An increase in cell volume has been associated with cellular anabolism while cell shrinkage has been associated with cellular catabolism.
3. Enhanced immune system:
Cells of the immune system including the macrophages and lymphocytes depend on glutamine as a primary fuel source. In addition, it has been hypothesized that a high rate of glutamine consumption by these rapidly proliferating cells is required for sufficient nucleotide synthesis. Research indicates that low levels of glutamine within the body may result in the increased susceptibility to infections and illness due to a suppressed immune system. The ability to proliferate and the activity of immune cells in vitro have reportedly been suppressed in mediums lacking glutamine.
Furthermore, an increased rate of infection and illness (particularly infections of the upper respiratory tract) has been reported among athletes participating in intense, long duration sports activities (e.g. marathon racing). It has been suggested that a decline in plasma glutamine concentrations may be one of the factors responsible for this increased rate of illness. Specifically, the activity of natural killer cells, a reduced number and proliferative ability of lymphocytes, and a reduced ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor cells may be the result of prolonged, exhaustive exercise.
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cheers!
